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The study shows an analysis of a 7-year data set measuring Ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiance values and ultraviolet index TABLEUVI) values derived from ground-based broadband irradiance measurements, satellite-derived total ozone, and UVB solar irradiance recorded in Valladolid (Central Spain). Ultraviolet-B (UVB) solar irradiance measurements in the range (280–315 nm) carried out during the period 2013–2019 at a continental Mediterranean solar station, located in Valladolid (Spain), were analyzed. UVB data recorded using a YES UVB-1 pyranometer were used to estimate erythemal irradiance, ultraviolet erythemal irradiance (UVER), UVI, cumulative dose, and sun protection. Hourly UVER data in January (minimum values) and June (maximum values) were analyzed as an average year for the measurement station. Differences between UVI values at solar noon and the maximum daily value were minimal. It was found that on certain summer days, maximum daily UVI and SED (cumulative daily dose) could be over 12 and 60, respectively. The cumulative dose on the horizontal surface was calculated at the station for different skin types. It was observed that over 45% of the annual dose is received in summer, about 30% in spring, over 15% in autumn, and less than 10% in winter. In addition, the relationship between the maximum daily UVI and the annual accumulated dose in SEDs was studied to provide information on sun protection under low UVI conditions.

In 2018, a 15-year-old female adolescent in Australia was infected with swine influenza A(H3N2) variant virus. The virus contained hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes derived from 1990s-like human seasonal viruses and internal protein genes from influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, highlighting the potential risk that swine influenza A virus poses to human health in Australia.

Background:MSB11022 is a biosimilar of adalimumab that has been shown to have comparable bioequivalence, safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity profiles to the reference drug in healthy volunteers, patients with psoriasis, or patients with moderate-severe rheumatoid arthritis. This is the first study conducted under clinical practice conditions evaluating the switch from adalimumab to MSB11022 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.Objectives:The primary objective was to evaluate the composite Disease Activity Score 28 with C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have switched from the original adalimumab or another biosimilar to MSB11022. Secondary objectives were to assess the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) after switching; the rates of remission and low disease activity according to DAS28-PCR (remission < 2.6, low activity < 3.2) and CDAI (remission < 2.8, low activity < 10.0); and the safety of MSB11022.Methods:Retrospective and multicenter study with data from the medical records of patients with rheumatoid arthritis who switched from the original adalimumab or another biosimilar to MSB11022, and maintained this treatment for at least 6 months. Patients with psoriasis and/or inflammatory bowel disease were excluded. Information was recorded from both the baseline visit at the moment of the switch and the follow-up visits after the switch.Results:Data from 86 patients were evaluated: median age 63.5 years (53;73), 75.6% female, 71.4% Caucasian, 73.3% non-smokers, BMI 27.2 kg/m2 (23.1;30.5). The median time since diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis was 12 years (8;18) and 44.2% had erosive rheumatoid arthritis. The most common comorbidities in this population were hypertension (32.6%), cardiovascular disease (12.8%), and diabetes mellitus (9.3%). At the time of switching, most patients were on combined biologic therapy with DMARDs (54.7%). Only 3.5% of the patients received biologic therapy prior to adalimumab; among them, the pre-adalimumab biologic treatments prescribed were certolizumab-pegol (66.7%) and tocilizumab (33.3%). At baseline, the median DAS28-CRP was 1.77 (80.2% in remission and 96.5% with low disease activity) and the median CDAI was 4.00 (44.2% in remission and 90.7% with low disease activity). After a median follow-up of 8 months (5.7;13.0), the median DAS28-CRP was 1.87 (86.0% in remission and 94.2% with low disease activity) and the median CDAI was 4.00 (38.5% in remission and 95.3% with low disease activity) (Table 1). Only three patients experienced pain, swelling and stinging at the injection site or a locally extensive hematoma in the area of administration.Conclusion:The adalimumab biosimilar MSB11022 not only maintained the benefits provided by previous adalimumab treatments, but in some cases led to an improvement of these benefits, maintaining a safety profile in line with that already described for other biosimilars.Table 1.Clinical outcomes after switching from original or other biosimilars to MSB11022VariableBasalLast follow-up available(median 8 months)DAS28-PCR, median (P25;P75)1.77 (1.24;2.34)1.87 (1.22;2.29)• Remission, n (%)• Low disease activity, n (%)69 (80.2%)83 (96.5%)74 (86.0%)81 (94.2%)CDAI, median (P25;75)4.00 (1.00;5.00)4.00 (1.00;5.00)• Remission, n (%)• Low disease activity, n (%)38 (44.2%)78 (90.7%)34 (39.5%)82 (95.3%)Rheumatoid factor, median (P25;75)19.0 (6.00;172:00)22.0 (6.00;64.5)Antibodies anti-CCP, median (P25;75)74.9 (1.50;278.00)14.5 (1.50;78.2)CCP: cyclic citrullinated peptides; CDAI: Clinical Disease Activity Index; DAS28-PCR: Disease Activity Score 28 for rheumatoid arthritis with C-reactive protein.REFERENCES: NIL.Acknowledgements:The authors thank Content Ed Net, Madrid (Spain), for writing and editorial assistance. The support has been funded by Fresenius Spain.Disclosure of Interests:None declared.

The endovascular treatment of acute lower limb ischemia associated with cocaine use is an underexplored topic. This scoping review aims to map existing information and point out potential knowledge gaps for future research. We searched databases with a strategy of terms and keywords (Cocaine, Acute, Lower Limb, and Ischemia) for articles related to acute ischemia in the lower limbs and cocaine use. We established eligibility and exclusion criteria and searched without restrictions on language or date of publication. We obtained five case reports published between 2004 and 2015. Most of the patients were men with an average age of 38 years. Treatments were heterogeneous. Most patients showed improvement after surgical thrombectomy. The sample size and variety of interventions limit the generalizability of the results, so it is necessary to do more studies with robust methodologies to standardize treatments and improve the understanding of the condition.

Staphylococcus aureus infections can lead to diseases that range from localized skin abscess to life-threatening toxic shock syndrome. The SrrAB two-component system (TCS) is a global regulator of S. aureus virulence and critical for survival under environmental conditions such as hypoxic, oxidative, and nitrosative stress found at sites of infection. Despite the critical role of SrrAB in S. aureus pathogenicity, the mechanism by which the SrrAB TCS senses and responds to these environmental signals remains unknown. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the SrrB histidine kinase contains several domains, including an extracellular Cache domain and a cytoplasmic HAMP-PAS-DHp-CA region. Here, we show that the PAS domain regulates both kinase and phosphatase enzyme activity of SrrB and present the structure of the DHp-CA catalytic core. Importantly, this structure shows a unique intramolecular cysteine disulfide bond in the ATP-binding domain that significantly affects autophosphorylation kinetics. In vitro data show that the redox state of the disulfide bond affects S. aureus biofilm formation and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 production. Moreover, with the use of the rabbit infective endocarditis model, we demonstrate that the disulfide bond is a critical regulatory element of SrrB function during S. aureus infection. Our data support a model whereby the disulfide bond and PAS domain of SrrB sense and respond to the cellular redox environment to regulate S. aureus survival and pathogenesis.

Harding et al discuss the case-control study on blue light's influence on colorectal cancer (CRC). Artificial light-at-night (ALAN) exposure alters circadian rhythms and is associated with a range of adverse health outcomes in humans, including CRC. The intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in the eye are responsible for circadian rhythm regulation and melatonin production and are most sensitive to short wavelengths (i.e., blue light). Exposure to ALAN suppresses the production of melatonin, a hormone that has anticancer functions across tumor initiation, promotion, and progression.

Salmonella is one of the major foodborne pathogens worldwide. Pork products are among the main sources of Salmonella infection in humans, and several countries have established Salmonella surveillance and control programs. The role of slaughtering in carcass contamination has been indicated by studies focused on the slaughterhouse environment. In this review, we examine and discuss the information available regarding the influence that farm status, pig transport, and lairage have on the carriage of Salmonella by pigs entering the slaughter line. The evolution of carcass contamination throughout the slaughtering process, the main sources of contamination in the dirty and clean zones of the slaughter line, and previously reported prevalence of Salmonella on carcasses and factors affecting this prevalence also are discussed. The importance of implementing interventions at the slaughter level is discussed briefly. Consistent with the information available, pigs from infected farms and newly acquired or recrudescent infections in pigs at the subsequent stages of transport and lairage are important sources of Salmonella at the slaughtering plant. The continuous introduction of Salmonella into the slaughterhouse and the potential for resident flora constitute a risk for carcass contamination. At the slaughterhouse, some dressing activities can reduce carcass contamination, but others are critical control points that jeopardize carcass hygiene. This information indicates the importance of considering slaughter and previous stages in the pork production chain for controlling Salmonella in swine production.

At present, despite the emphasis given to empirical studies on the benefits linked to the promotion of healthy lifestyle habits, there are shortcomings when it comes to relating levels of physical activity with the reasons for practicing, especially in the university context. The aim was to analyse the relationships between the motives for physical activity and the levels of sports practice of university students according to gender and areas of study. The sample consisted of 1.524 first-year university students from different degrees at the University of Extremadura (Spain). The instruments used were the Motives for Physical Activity Measure-Revised (MPAM-R) and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The most significant findings reveal significant differences in different variables according to gender in favour of men in the enjoyment dimension, in the social dimension, in competence, in the intensity of activity and in the self-determination index (p < .001). There are also significant differences in the branches of knowledge, related to enjoyment, health and in the self-determination index with p < .001, but also in competence (p < .05). El objetivo fue analizar las relaciones entre los motivos de práctica de actividad física y los niveles de práctica deportiva de los estudiantes universitarios en función del género y las áreas de estudio. La muestra estuvo formada por 1.524 estudiantes universitarios de primer curso de diferentes titulaciones de la Universidad de Extremadura (España). Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Motives for Physical Activity Measure-Revised (MPAM-R) y el International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Los hallazgos más significativos revelan diferencias significativas en distintas variables en función del género a favor de los hombres en la dimensión disfrute, en la dimensión social, en la competencia, en la intensidad de realización de la actividad y en el índice de autodeterminación (p < .001). También existen diferencias significativas en las ramas de conocimiento, relacionadas con el disfrute, la salud y en el índice de autodeterminación con p < .001, pero también en la competencia (p < .05). O objetivo foi analisar as relações entre os motivos para a prática de atividade física e os níveis de prática desportiva dos estudantes universitários em função do sexo e das áreas de estudo. A amostra foi constituída por 1.524 estudantes universitários do primeiro ano de diferentes cursos da Universidade da Extremadura (Espanha). Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Motives for Physical Activity Measure-Revised (MPAM-R) e o International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Os resultados mais significativos revelam diferenças significativas em diferentes variáveis de acordo com o género, a favor dos homens na dimensão do prazer, na dimensão social, na competência, na intensidade da atividade e no índice de autodeterminação (p < .001). Existem também diferenças significativas nos ramos do conhecimento, relacionadas com o prazer, a saúde e no índice de auto-determinação com p < .001, mas também na competência (p < .05).

The aim of this review was to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among European children aged 2–7 years from 2006 to 2016 and to analyze these estimations by gender, country, and food group consumption. We searched CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Web of Science databases from their inception until 27 February 2019 including cross-sectional studies and baseline measurements of cohort studies with overweight and obesity defined according to the International Obesity Task Force criteria. Both the inverse-variance fixed-effects method and the DerSimonian and Laird random effects method were used to determinate pooled prevalence estimates and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A total of 32 studies (n = 197,755 children) with data from 27 European countries were included. Overall, the pooled prevalence estimates of overweight/obesity in European children (aged 2–7 years) during the period 2006–2016 was 17.9% (95% CI: 15.8–20.0), and the pooled prevalence estimate of obesity was 5.3% (95% CI: 4.5–6.1). Southern European countries showed the highest prevalence of excess weight. Additional measures to address the obesity epidemic in early life should be established, especially in European countries where the prevalence of excess weight is very high.