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Claudia Milian proposes that the economies of blackness, brownness, and dark brownness summon a new grammar for Latino/a studies that she names “Latinities.” Milian argues that this ensnared economy of meaning startles the typical reading practices deployed for brown Latino/a embodiment. Latining America keeps company with and challenges existent models of Latinidad, demanding a distinct paradigm that puts into question what is understood as Latino and Latina today. Milian conceptually considers how underexplored “Latin” participants—the southern, the black, the dark brown, the Central American—have ushered in a new world of “Latined” signification from the 1920s to the present.

Congenital toxoplasmosis is represented by the transplacental passage of Toxoplasma gondii from the mother to the fetus. Our studies demonstrated that T. gondii developed mechanisms to evade of the host immune response, such as cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) induction, and these mediators can be produced/stored in lipid droplets (LDs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of COX-2 and LDs during T. gondii infection in human trophoblast cells and villous explants. Our data demonstrated that COX-2 inhibitors decreased T. gondii replication in trophoblast cells and villous. In BeWo cells, the COX-2 inhibitors induced an increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and MIF), and a decrease in anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10). In HTR-8/SVneo cells, the COX-2 inhibitors induced an increase of IL-6 and nitrite and decreased IL-4 and TGF-β1. In villous explants, the COX-2 inhibitors increased MIF and decreased TNF-α and IL-10. Furthermore, T. gondii induced an increase in LDs in BeWo and HTR-8/SVneo, but COX-2 inhibitors reduced LDs in both cells type. We highlighted that COX-2 is a key factor to T. gondii proliferation in human trophoblast cells, since its inhibition induced a pro-inflammatory response capable of controlling parasitism and leading to a decrease in the availability of LDs, which are essentials for parasite growth.

Central America is no longer restricted to a small amalgamation of remote, nation-states \"over there,\" south of Mexico. Since the last decades of the twentieth century, the region has become a complex, entangled temporality. Studying the policies of the Grand Canyon State in relation to new Latino migrants, Menjívar elucidates, \"Although there is a sizable population of Mexican descendants from the time Arizona was part of Mexico and a steady flow of Mexican immigrants from the traditional sending states of Sinaloa and Chihuahua, up until the early 1990s, Phoenix served mainly as a corridor for immigrants going elsewhere in the country.\"

This article addresses the meaning of the “Latin” as well as “America” in the fields of Latino/a Studies, Latin American Studies, and American Studies. The rubric of the global south is used to inspect contemporary subject articulations like Central American-American for groups that have yet to arrive within the signifiers of U.S. Latinoness and Latinaness and Latin Americanness. Frameworks like Central American-American transport an identity-in-the-making that is engendered by displacement across the North/South divide in the Americas. The author examines the new linguistic fluencies that emerge out of the abridged identificatory language of “Latino/a Studies” and point to subjects standing out of place, alienated from the representative but too precarious ethnoracial signifier Latino and Latina. At stake are the politics of naming in the U.S. global south and the presumed situatedness and modi operandi of Latino/a Studies.

Writer Danzy Senna is interviewed. Senna's first novel \"Caucasia\" addresses themes of coming into consciousness within the US ethnoracial landscape.

Not only has the word “Latin” migrated northward but, historically speaking, so have multiethnic racialized subjects. Latining America: Black-Brown Passages and the Coloring of Latino/a Studies examines how multidirectional processes of Latinness travel, break, and alter at the level of meaning, geographies, and peoples. Through a Latin, Latin-American, Latino, and Latina triangulation, I seek to chart a different but coeval path and lexicon for how cultural signifiers for the U.S. Latino or Latina have been accessed by an unexpected circle of Latin participants: U.S. African Americans and “problematic” subgroups like Central Americans.¹ No theoretical language or sustained academic endeavor in