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This viewpoint discusses the challenges of accountability faced by individuals engaged in the sex trades who are also victims of abuse by state actors. The authors describe their participatory action research project with sex workers to explore forms of accountability. They highlight the need to address police abuse and the lack of recourse for victims. The text also discusses the impact of increased policing on marginalized communities and the efforts of organizations to resist surveillance and state violence. The authors emphasize the importance of recognizing power imbalances and working towards transformative justice. They suggest that participatory action research can support advocacy efforts and help create more just systems by addressing power structures and inequities.

Introduction of Vibrio cholerae to Haiti during the deployment of United Nations (UN) peacekeepers in 2010 resulted in one of the largest cholera epidemics of the modern era. Following the outbreak, a UN-commissioned independent panel recommended three pre-deployment intervention strategies to minimize the risk of cholera introduction in future peacekeeping operations: screening for V. cholerae carriage, administering prophylactic antimicrobial chemotherapies, or immunizing with oral cholera vaccines. However, uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of these approaches has forestalled their implementation by the UN. We assessed how the interventions would have impacted the likelihood of the Haiti cholera epidemic. We developed a stochastic model for cholera importation and transmission, fitted to reported cases during the first weeks of the 2010 outbreak in Haiti. Using this model, we estimated that diagnostic screening reduces the probability of cases occurring by 82% (95% credible interval: 75%, 85%); however, false-positive test outcomes may hamper this approach. Antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis at time of departure and oral cholera vaccination reduce the probability of cases by 50% (41%, 57%) and by up to 61% (58%, 63%), respectively. Chemoprophylaxis beginning 1 wk before departure confers a 91% (78%, 96%) reduction independently, and up to a 98% reduction (94%, 99%) if coupled with vaccination. These results are not sensitive to assumptions about the background cholera incidence rate in the endemic troop-sending country. Further research is needed to (1) validate the sensitivity and specificity of rapid test approaches for detecting asymptomatic carriage, (2) compare prophylactic efficacy across antimicrobial regimens, and (3) quantify the impact of oral cholera vaccine on transmission from asymptomatic carriers. Screening, chemoprophylaxis, and vaccination are all effective strategies to prevent cholera introduction during large-scale personnel deployments such as that precipitating the 2010 Haiti outbreak. Antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis was estimated to provide the greatest protection at the lowest cost among the approaches recently evaluated by the UN.

هو الدليل المطلوب لإعادة منصة التعلم الاجتماعي إلى الحياة في بيئة التعلم الخاصة بك في هذا الكتاب، لن تكون قادرا على تجزئة الوظائف الأساسية المتوافرة في الأداة فحسب، لكن المؤلفتين تقدمان لك المشورة التربوية السليمة عن كيفية جعل التقنية أكثر قوة من خلال ربطها بطرق التدريس التقنية بعمق، نشر الكتاب العبيكان للنشر في الرياض، يشتمل الكتاب على مجموعة من الإيضاحيات.

This viewpoint discusses the importance of upholding non-retrogression in the human rights system, particularly in relation to gender-based violence and accountability norms. The authors, a collective of academics and advocates, highlight the need for comprehensive standards that recognize new understandings of harm and extend state obligations to prevent abuses by nonstate actors. They argue that conflicting expert statements on gender and gender-based violence can lead to normative retrogressions, threatening decades of progress in gender analysis. The authors critique the current practices of the UN Special Rapporteur on violence against women and girls, pointing out normatively retrogressive efforts that undermine existing protections. They emphasize the principles of non-retrogression and accountability as essential for the prevention of gender-based violence and the protection of health rights. The authors call for greater transparency, ethical practices, and constructive civil society critiques to guide and safeguard professional practices by experts and ensure the independence of the human rights system., particularly in relation to gender-based violence. The authors, highlight the need for comprehensive standards that recognize new understandings of harm and extend state obligations to prevent abuses by nonstate actors. They argue that accountability norms for gender-based violence are essential for advancing state accountability and protecting the right to health. The authors critique UN expert practices that contribute to normative retrogressions and call for constructive civil society critiques to guide and safeguard professional practices. They specifically focus on the UN Special Rapporteur on violence against women and girls, highlighting normatively retrogressive efforts that threaten fragile achievements in gender equality. The authors emphasize the principles of non-retrogression and accountability in human rights law, stressing the importance of maintaining existing standards while expanding human rights protections. They propose that the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights take a more strategic and proactive approach to ensuring transparency and ethical practices within the UN human rights system.

This Guide seeks to provide insight and resources to actors interested in the development of rights claims around sexuality and sexual health. After engaging with the vexed question of the scope of sexual rights, it explores the rules and principles governing the way in which human rights claims are developed and applied to sexuality and sexual health, and how that development is linked to law and made a matter of state obligation. This understanding is critical to policy and programming in sexual health and rights, as it supports calling on the relevant range of human rights, such as privacy, non-discrimination, health or other universally accepted human rights, as well as demanding the action of states under their international and national law obligations to support sexual health. Ce Guide cherche à transmettre des connaissances et des ressources aux acteurs intéressés par le développement de revendications relatives aux droits autour de la sexualité et la santé sexuelle. Après avoir abordé la question controversée de la portée des droits sexuels, il explore les règles et les principes qui gouvernent la manière dont les revendications fondées sur les droits de l’homme sont développées et appliquées à la sexualité et la santé sexuelle, et comment ce développement est lié à la législation et devient une obligation étatique. Cette compréhension est essentielle pour définir les politiques et la programmation en matière de santé et droits sexuels, car elle soutient les actions exigeant de bénéficier de tout l’éventail des droits de l’homme, comme la protection de la vie privée, la non-discrimination, la santé ou d’autres droits fondamentaux acceptés universellement, tout en demandant aux États de prendre des mesures au titre de leurs obligations juridiques nationales et internationale de soutenir la santé sexuelle. Esta Guía tiene como objetivo brindar conocimientos y recursos a los actores interesados en la formulación de afirmaciones de derechos relacionados con la sexualidad y salud sexual. Después de abordar la controvertida cuestión del alcance de los derechos sexuales, explora las reglas y principios que rigen la manera en que las afirmaciones de derechos humanos son formuladas y aplicadas a la sexualidad y salud sexual, y cómo esa formulación está vinculada con la ley y pasa a ser cuestión de obligación del Estado. Este entendimiento es fundamental para las políticas y programación en salud y derechos sexuales, ya que apoya hacer un llamado a los diversos derechos humanos pertinentes, tales como privacidad, no discriminación, salud u otros derechos humanos aceptados universalmente, así como exigir que los Estados tomen medidas, de conformidad con sus obligaciones de derecho internacional y nacional, para apoyar la salud sexual.

Readers of Sexual and Reproductive Health Matter are no strangers to interrogating evidence in all its forms, assessing which claims it can support, and about challenges and uncertainties in international norms in the fields of sexual and reproductive rights and health. Questions of evidence, positionality and the role of testimony are particularly live in the context of sex work and human rights. As an exploration about good and bad practices in research and evidence, in this Commentary we highlight the errors, mistakes and wrongly shaped conclusions arising in the recent report by the UN Special Rapporteur on violence against women and girls about prostitution law, sex worker health and rights, and the status of international human rights law on sex work and trafficking. We do this not only to reinforce more accurate information about the status of human rights law, public health evidence and the needs of people of all genders in the sex sector, but also as an opportunity to remind us of the principles around evidence, transparency, and self-determination. We are conscious of the current vulnerability of global rights and health systems. Our Commentary seeks to contextualise our criticisms to this current moment of rights and health systems' fragility and multi-pronged attacks on the emancipatory potential of rights for persons in the sex sector as workers especially as they intersect with racist stereotypes. Practices of deploying evidence matter for rights advocacy: its legitimacy as well as its efficacy depend on good practices.