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20 Years of ICF—International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: Uses and Applications around the World
The International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF) was approved in 2001 and, since then, several studies reported the increased interest about its use in different sectors. A recent overview that summarizes its applications is lacking. This study aims to provide an updated overview about 20 years of ICF application through an international online questionnaire, developed by the byline authors, and sent to each World Health Organization Collaborating Centers of the Family of International Classifications (WHO-FIC CCs). Data was collected during October 2020 and December 2021 and descriptive content analyses were used to report main results. Results show how, in most of the respondent countries represented by WHO-FIC CCs, ICF was mainly used in clinical practice, policy development and social policy, and in education areas. Despite its applications in different sectors, ICF use is not mandatory in most countries but, where used, it provides a biopsychosocial framework for policy development in health, functioning and disability. The study provides information about the needs related to ICF applications, that can be useful to organize targeted intervention plans. Furthermore, this survey methodology can be re-proposed periodically to monitor the use of the ICF in the future.
Journal Article
Using the Decoding the Disciplines framework for learning across the disciplines
\"This volume provides examples and evidence of the various ways in which the Decoding the Disciplines framework has been applied across disciplines and used to inform teaching, curriculum, and pedagogical research initiatives at Mount Royal University\"--Page [4] of cover.
Book
Seagrass in a Changing Estuary, the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, United States
Seagrass is a major structural habitat in the Indian River Lagoon. Maps documented locations and areal extents of beds periodically since the 1940s, and surveys of fixed transects yielded changes in percent cover and depths at the end of the canopy since 1994. Areal extent increased by ∼7,000 ha from 1994 to 2009, mean percent cover within beds decreased from ∼40 to 20%, and mean percent cover standardized to maximum transect length remained near 20%. Thus, conditions supported a consistent biomass because cover decreased as areal extent increased. Between 2011 and 2019, ∼19,000 ha or ∼58% of seagrasses were lost, with offshore ends of canopies moving shoreward and shallower, and standardized mean percent cover decreased to ∼4%. These changes coincided with blooms of phytoplankton, and ≤ 27% of incident subsurface irradiance at 0.9 m was stressful. Decreases in mean percent cover per month of stress became larger when initial mean cover per transect was < 20%, which suggested that the ratio of aboveground to belowground tissues in the expanded and sparser beds led to respiratory demand that was not met by photosynthesis. Despite intermittent improvements in light penetration, widespread recovery of seagrasses has not occurred potentially due to detrimental feedbacks. For example, loss of seagrass exposed sediments to waves, and the resulting disturbance may have hampered recruitment of new shoots. The same decreases also made 58–88% of the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in seagrass tissue available to other primary producers. These nutrients did not enhance growth of epiphytes, whose biomass decreased by ∼42%, but they apparently fueled blooms of phytoplankton, with mean chlorophyll- a concentrations increasing by > 900%. Such intense blooms increased shading and loss of seagrasses. Fortunately, data showed that patches of seagrasses at depths of 0.5–0.9 m persisted for 22–24 years, which suggested that this depth zone could hold the key to recovery. Nevertheless, optimistic estimates predict recovery could take 12–17 years. Such a long-term, widespread loss of a key structural habitat may generate multiple adverse effects in the system, and mitigating such effects may entail planting seagrasses to accelerate recovery.
Journal Article
Asking “How” and “Why” and “Under What Conditions” Questions: Using Critical Realism to Study Learning and Teaching
Research paradigms offer a way for scholars to design, communicate, and reflect on their research effectively. A paradigm encapsulates the researcher’s worldview, including the epistemology, ontology, and axiology of the research. Researchers are often initiated, whether explicitly or implicitly, into particular paradigms through graduate study. This can cause difficulties in the multidisciplinary landscape of SoTL where practitioners either have to learn a new domain and/or communicate to peers outside their discipline. Learning about common research paradigms can help address these challenges. Four commonly used paradigms that have been proposed as relevant for SoTL research are post-positivist, critical realist, interpretive, and transformative (including indigenous). This article describes the basic tenets of critical realism and discusses them in relation to SoTL research. It i) describes key concepts within critical realism, including a stratified reality and a focus on causal mechanisms and the relationship between structure and agency, ii) explains how critical realism can be applied to studying learning and what this means for choice of SoTL methodology and method, and iii) describes the key aspects of two published SoTL studies. The paper concludes by suggesting that critical realism can enhance the theoretical rigor, practical utility, and interdisciplinarity of SoTL research.
Journal Article
Management of Carolina willow (Salix caroliniana) with herbicides to restore herbaceous marsh
Over several decades, widespread encroachment of Carolina willow (
Salix caroliniana
), a native shrub, has occurred in areas historically dominated by herbaceous marsh in the upper St. Johns River basin in Florida, USA. Where fire can no longer be used to control mature willow, use of herbicides may be a viable option for management. We evaluated the response of willow communities to application of imazapyr at a low rate and a mixture of imazapyr and glyphosate at high rates at two locations (C40 and Sweetwater) that varied with respect to understory plant composition, willow stand maturity, and hydrologic conditions. Both low and high application rates of herbicides resulted in complete elimination of willow for four years at both sites. By six years post-treatment, willow began to recover in a few treatment quadrats but still had significantly lower willow cover than in control quadrats at both sites, with the exception of the low imazapyr treatment quadrats at the Sweetwater site. Prior to treatment, understory plant communities were essentially uniform across the treatments within a site. Two to three years after treatment, and the concomitant reduction of willow cover, herbaceous ground cover increased substantially, especially that of forbs and graminoids. However, changes in understory plant assemblages were short-lived and by the last sampling year, there were no dissimilarities in the understory between the control and treatments. At the Sweetwater site, two quadrats had sufficient herbaceous cover to carry a prescribed fire in the sixth-year post-treatment. Considering these results, we recommend using low application rates of imazapyr, rather than high application rates of imazapyr/glyphosate, for willow control due to its nearly equal ability to reduce willow canopy cover and to potentially lower off-target effects. However, an integrated approach using varying herbicides and other control techniques (e.g., mechanical control) may be needed if willow develops a resistance to imazapyr. Furthermore, restoration of appropriate hydrologic and fire regimes should be implemented to prolong the treatment effect and to promote long-term sustainability of herbaceous wetlands.
Journal Article
From Red Tides to Green and Brown Tides: Bloom Dynamics in a Restricted Subtropical Lagoon Under Shifting Climatic Conditions
Relationships between shifts in climatic and other environmental conditions and changes in the character and dynamics of phytoplankton blooms were examined in three interconnected subtropical lagoons on the east coast of Florida, i.e., Mosquito Lagoon, Indian River Lagoon, and Banana River Lagoon, from 1997 to 2013. Phytoplankton blooms were a common feature through most of the study period in two of the lagoons. From 1997 to 2009, blooms in the latter two lagoons were typically dominated by dinoflagellates in the warm wet season and diatoms in the cool dry season. Blooms of the dominant bloom-forming dinoflagellate species Pyrodinium bahamense were positively correlated to rainfall levels, indicating a link to enhanced external nutrient loads. In 2011–2013, major blooms were observed in all three lagoons, but unlike the previous 14 years, they were dominated by picoplanktonic eukaryotes, including a chlorophyte, Pedinophyceae sp., and the brown tide species Aureoumbra lagunensis. The results suggest that extreme climatic conditions, including record cold winter water temperatures and low rainfall levels, were major driving factors in this state shift in the character of blooms, through a wide range of effects including die-offs of benthic flora and fauna, suppression of grazer populations, alteration of nutrient regimes, and uncharacteristic water column conditions, such as elevated salinities and light attenuation.
Journal Article
Differences in enzymic properties of five recombinant xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana
Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) are cell wall enzymes that are able to graft xyloglucan chains to oligosaccharides or to other available xyloglucan chains and/or to hydrolyse xyloglucan chains. As they are involved in the modification of the load-bearing cell-wall components, they are believed to be very important in the regulation of growth and development. Given the large number (33) of XTH genes in Arabidopsis and the overlapping expression patterns, specific enzymic properties may be expected. Five predominantly root-expressed Arabidopsis thaliana XTHs belonging to subgroup I/II were analysed here. These represent two sets of closely related genes: AtXTH12 and 13 on the one hand (trichoblast-enriched) and AtXTH17, 18, and 19 on the other (expressed in nearly all cell types in the root). They were all recombinantly produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris and partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation before they were subsequently all subjected to a series of identical in vitro tests. The kinetic properties of purified AtXTH13 were investigated in greater detail to rule out interference with the assays by contaminating yeast proteins. All five proteins were found to exhibit only the endotransglucosylase (XET; EC 2.4.1.207) activity towards xyloglucan and non-detectable endohydrolytic (XEH; EC 3.2.1.151) activity. Their endotransglucosylase activity was preferentially directed towards xyloglucan and, in some cases, water-soluble cellulose acetate, rather than to mixed-linkage β-glucan. Isoforms differed in optimum pH (5.0-7.5), in temperature dependence and in acceptor substrate preferences.
Journal Article
The Positive Ethical Organization: Enacting a Living Code of Ethics and Ethical Organizational Identity
A vision of a living code of ethics is proposed to counter the emphasis on negative phenomena in the study of organizational ethics. The living code results from the harmonious interaction of authentic leadership, five key organizational processes (attraction-selection-attrition, socialization, reward systems, decision-making and organizational learning), and an ethical organizational culture (characterized by heightened levels of ethical awareness and a positive climate regarding ethics). The living code is the cognitive, affective, and behavioral manifestation of an ethical organizational identity. We draw on business ethics literature, positive organizational scholarship, and management literature to outline the elements of positive ethical organizations as those exemplary organizations consistently practicing the highest levels of organizational ethics. In a positive ethical organization, the right thing to do is the only thing to do.
Journal Article