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Chemokines from a Structural Perspective
Chemokines are a family of small, highly conserved cytokines that mediate various biological processes, including chemotaxis, hematopoiesis, and angiogenesis, and that function by interacting with cell surface G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs). Because of their significant involvement in various biological functions and pathologies, chemokines and their receptors have been the focus of therapeutic discovery for clinical intervention. There are several sub-families of chemokines (e.g., CXC, CC, C, and CX3C) defined by the positions of sequentially conserved cysteine residues. Even though all chemokines also have a highly conserved, three-stranded β-sheet/α-helix tertiary structural fold, their quarternary structures vary significantly with their sub-family. Moreover, their conserved tertiary structures allow for subunit swapping within and between sub-family members, thus promoting the concept of a “chemokine interactome”. This review is focused on structural aspects of CXC and CC chemokines, their functional synergy and ability to form heterodimers within the chemokine interactome, and some recent developments in structure-based chemokine-targeted drug discovery.
Journal Article
Time for bed: diet, sleep and obesity in children and adults
Sufficient sleep is necessary for optimal health, daytime performance and wellbeing and the amount required is age-dependent and decreases across the lifespan. Sleep duration is usually affected by age and several different cultural, social, psychological, behavioural, pathophysiological and environmental factors. This review considers how much sleep children and adults need, why this is important, what the consequences are of insufficient sleep and how we can improve sleep. A lack of the recommended amount of sleep for a given age group has been shown to be associated with detrimental effects on health including effects on metabolism, endocrine function, immune function and haemostatic pathways. Obesity has increased worldwide in the last few decades and the WHO has now declared it a global epidemic. A lack of sleep is associated with an increased risk of obesity in children and adults, which may lead to future poor health outcomes. Data from studies in both children and adults suggest that the relationship between sleep and obesity may be mediated by several different mechanisms including alterations in appetite and satiety, sleep timing, circadian rhythm and energy balance. Moreover, there is evidence to suggest that improvements in sleep, in both children and adults, can be beneficial for weight management and diet and certain foods might be important to promote sleep. In conclusion this review demonstrates that there is a wide body of evidence to suggest that sleep and obesity are causally related and recommends that further research is required to inform policy, and societal change.
Journal Article
العقول على الإنترنت : التدريس الفعال باستخدام التقنية
يقدم الكتاب دليلا شاملا لأعضاء هيئة التدريس والمعلمين الذين يسعون لدعم تعلم طلابهم من خلال الفهم العلمي لكيفية استيعاب العقل البشري للمعارف والمهارات، وذلك عبر الربط بين نتائج الأبحاث في مجالات أبحاث الدماغ وعلم النفس المعرفي وتقنية التعليم ونظريات التعلم بهدف المساعدة في الوصول إلى تعلم أكثر متعة وعمقا كما يهتم الكتاب بكيفية تعزيز الانتباه والذاكرة وعمليات التفكير العليا وتقديم أفكار إبداعية لكيفية استخدام الوسائط المتعددة بفعالية، وآليات تحفيز الطلاب لتقديم أفضل ما لديهم، وآليات دمج الوسائط المتعددة على النحو الأمثل لتحقيق تعلم أفضل وكيفية دمج كل هذه العوامل في مقرر إلكتروني لطلاب من جيل ولد في عصر الإنترنت.
Book
Sleep duration and incidence of obesity in infants, children, and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies
Abstract
Study Objectives
To assess the prospective relationship between sleep and obesity in a paediatric population.
Methods
We performed a systematic search using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane (up to September 25, 2017). Included studies were prospective, had follow-up of ≥1 year, had duration of sleep at baseline, and measures of incidence of overweight or obesity and/or changes in body mass index (BMI) z-score and BMI during follow-up. We extracted relative risks or changes in BMI z-score or BMI and 95% confidence intervals (CI) and pooled them using a random effect model.
Results
Forty-two studies were included but, as there was significant heterogeneity, results are presented by age strata. Short sleep was associated with a greater risk of developing overweight or obesity in infancy (seven studies, 14738 participants, risk ratio [RR]: 1.40; 95% CI 1.19 to 1.65; p < .001), early childhood (eight studies, 31104 participants, RR: 1.57; 1.40 to 1.76; p < .001), middle childhood (three studies, 3005 participants, RR: 2.23; 2.18 to 2.27; p < .001), and adolescence (three studies, 26652 participants, RR: 1.30; 1.11 to 1.53; p < .002). Sleep duration was also associated with a significant change in BMI z-score (14 studies, 18 cohorts, 31665 participants; mean difference −0.03; −0.04 to −0.01 per hour sleep; p = .001) and in BMI (16 studies, 24 cohorts, 24894 participants; mean difference −0.03 kg/m2; −0.04 to −0.01 for every hour of increase in sleep; p = .001)
Conclusions
Short sleep duration is a risk factor or marker of the development of obesity in infants, children, and adolescents.
Journal Article
Sleep and Cardio-Metabolic Disease
Purpose of ReviewThis review summarises and discusses the epidemiological evidence suggesting a causal relationship between sleep duration and cardio-metabolic risk and outcomes in population.Recent FindingsSleep duration is affected by a variety of cultural, social, psychological, behavioural, pathophysiological and environmental influences. Changes in modern society—like longer working hours, more shift-work, 24/7 availability of commodities and 24-h global connectivity—have been associated with a gradual reduction in sleep duration and sleeping patterns across westernised populations. We review the evidence of an association between sleep disturbances and the development of cardio-metabolic risk and disease and discuss the implications for causality of these associations.SummaryProlonged curtailment of sleep duration is a risk factor for the development of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, heart disease and stroke and may contribute, in the long-term, to premature death.
Journal Article
Galectins as Molecular Targets for Therapeutic Intervention
Galectins are a family of small, highly conserved, molecular effectors that mediate various biological processes, including chemotaxis and angiogenesis, and that function by interacting with various cell surface glycoconjugates, usually targeting β-galactoside epitopes. Because of their significant involvement in various biological functions and pathologies, galectins have become a focus of therapeutic discovery for clinical intervention against cancer, among other pathological disorders. In this review, we focus on understanding galectin structure-function relationships, their mechanisms of action on the molecular level, and targeting them for therapeutic intervention against cancer.
Journal Article