Explore the vast range of titles available.

\"This book explores leadership and management in social sector organizations, which include, NGOs, non-profits, social enterprises, social businesses, and cross-sector collaborations focusing on advancing human dignity and social justice. It provides social sector leaders with an overview of current trends, issues, and challenges in the field as well as best practices to foster effective programs, sustain organizations and meet the growing demands of the sector. The enclosed chapters cover topics such as cross-sector organizational design, innovation for client services, gender management dynamics, policy advocacy, and the growing social entrepreneurship movement.\"--Publisher's website.

International and domestic fisheries management bodies are increasingly embracing a management procedure (MP) approach to managing their living marine resources. An added advantage of an MP approach is the opportunity for strategic and impactful engagement and collaboration among resource managers, user groups, civil society and other stakeholder groups in MP development, adoption, and implementation. We consider examples from four regional fisheries bodies (i.e., RFMOs and a multi-lateral body) where stakeholders are contributing to the development of MPs for several stocks to varying degrees. These case studies highlight differing structures and processes for open and transparent stakeholder engagement in management strategy evaluation (MSE) and MP development. We identify that one important difference between sufficient and insufficient stakeholder engagement in these cases is the presence or absence of formalised structures and processes for inclusive and open stakeholder engagement, where there are key roles for stakeholder inputs and feedback during key stages of MSE and MP development. We highlight the benefits of engaging stakeholders from the outset of the MP development process, including designing processes, agreeing on the timelines and workplan for MSE and providing inputs that can lead to the successful adoption of an appropriate MP. We then consider how stakeholder engagement may be improved in other multi-lateral regional fisheries bodies, such as the NEAFC/Northeast Atlantic coastal States management forums, as well as other relevant RFMOs.

Most HIV-1 infected individuals do not know their infection dates. Precise infection timing is crucial information for studies that document transmission networks or drug levels at infection. To improve infection timing, we used the prospective RV217 cohort where the window when plasma viremia becomes detectable is narrow: the last negative visit occurred a median of four days before the first detectable HIV-1 viremia with an RNA test, referred below as diagnosis. We sequenced 1,280 HIV-1 genomes from 39 participants at a median of 4, 32 and 170 days post-diagnosis. HIV-1 infections were dated by using sequence-based methods and a viral load regression method. Bayesian coalescent and viral load regression estimated that infections occurred a median of 6 days prior to diagnosis (IQR: 9-3 and 11-4 days prior, respectively). Poisson-Fitter, which analyzes the distribution of hamming distances among sequences, estimated a median of 7 days prior to diagnosis (IQR: 15-4 days) based on sequences sampled 4 days post-diagnosis, but it did not yield plausible results using sequences sampled at 32 days. Fourteen participants reported a high-risk exposure event at a median of 8 days prior to diagnosis (IQR: 12 to 6 days prior). These different methods concurred that HIV-1 infection occurred about a week before detectable viremia, corresponding to 20 days (IQR: 34-15 days) before peak viral load. Together, our methods comparison helps define a framework for future dating studies in early HIV-1 infection.

Introduction Cases of spontaneous control of HIV‐1 can help define strategies to induce remission. Since the identification of viral control in the absence of treatment typically occurs after a prolonged period post‐HIV‐1 diagnosis, our knowledge of the early events after HIV‐1 acquisition that led to viral control is limited. Methods The RV217 prospective cohort enrolled 2276 participants in East Africa (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania) and Thailand between 2009 and 2015. We analysed HIV‐1 sequences and clinical data from 102 individuals who were diagnosed with acute HIV‐1 infection and had a negative HIV‐1 RNA test in the week before. We focused on 69 participants with longitudinal follow‐up and identified viraemic controllers who maintained viral loads <2000 copies/ml for over a year without treatment. We evaluated viral genetic and clinical features that are associated with viral control. Results Eleven women from East Africa showed control of viral replication for an average duration of 891 (range: 405–1425) days within an average of 130 days from diagnosis. The majority were living with subtype A1 (n = 6), or A1 recombinant strains (n = 4), with one living with subtype D; 10 were from Kenya, one from Uganda. Controllers had significantly slower CD4+ T cell decline (p = 0.028) and higher Natural Killer (NK) cell counts (p = 0.047) than non‐controllers, but none carried human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles previously reported to be associated with viral control. Peak viraemia was recorded at an average of 541 million copies/ml with no difference between controllers and non‐controllers (p = 0.97). Viral loads became lower in controllers (3459 copies/ml) than in non‐controllers (23,157 copies/ml) as early as nadir viraemia (p = 0.009), with a more significant difference observed at set point (1069 vs. 24,084 copies/ml, respectively; p<0.0001). Conclusions Our findings confirm the role of HIV‐1 subtype A1 in mediating viral control. The fact that controllers showed high viral loads in acute infection indicates that these viruses were not intrinsically impaired for replication, underlining the intersection between host immunity and favourable genotypes in the subsequent control of HIV‐1. These data suggest that conducting HIV‐1 remission studies in East Africa could provide favourable conditions to achieve durable post‐treatment control of viraemia.

Abstract The scale of the HIV-1 epidemic underscores the need for a vaccine. The multitude of circulating HIV-1 strains together with HIV-1’s high evolvability hints that HIV-1 could adapt to a future vaccine. Here, we wanted to investigate the effect of vaccination on the evolution of the virus post-breakthrough infection. We analyzed 2,635 HIV-1 env sequences sampled up to a year post-diagnosis from 110 vaccine and placebo participants who became infected in the RV144 vaccine efficacy trial. We showed that the Env signature sites that were previously identified to distinguish vaccine and placebo participants were maintained over time. In addition, fewer sites were under diversifying selection in the vaccine group than in the placebo group. These results indicate that HIV-1 would possibly adapt to a vaccine upon its roll-out.

Objective, The literatures on urban poverty concentration and the economic status of black and Hispanic children suggest that black and Hispanic children are becoming increasingly likely to live in urban ghettos relative to black and Hispanic adults. The authors examine change in the exposure of black and Hispanic children to urban ghettos relative to adults during the 1980s. Methods. Census tract data for 1980 and 1990 for the Chicago MSA and for six southwestern MSAs are used to examine change in age group differentials in the probability of living in ghetto census tracts. Results. In six of the seven metropolitan areas the percentage of black children living in ghettos increased by more than the percentage of black adults, and in five the percentage of Hispanic children living in ghettos increased by more than the percentage of Hispanic adults. All increases in the percentages of blacks and Hispanics in ghettos resulted from increases in the number of census tracts classified as ghettos. Conclusions. Black and Hispanic children are becoming increasingly concentrated in urban ghettos relative to black and Hispanic adults. It might be more difficult for today's minority youth to achieve socioeconomic upward mobility than for their predecessors.

The aim of the present research is to investigate the possible differential exposure of children to concentrated urban poverty, especially Black children. Four branches of the sociological literature are synthesized and used as the theoretical nexus of this research. These branches of the literature imply that Black youth are more disadvantaged than other race/age groups, but none of this previous research explicitly states that Black youth are disproportionately exposed to concentrated urban poverty. The synthesis of these literatures is a unique characteristic of the present study. Three hypotheses are proposed in this work. Census tract data for the Metropolitan Statistical Areas of Chicago, Oklahoma City, and Tulsa for 1980 and 1990 are utilized as the data sets. Demographic, descriptive analysis is used to assess the validity of the research questions. The results of this study indicate that children, especially Black children are disproportionately exposed to concentrated urban poverty in comparison to older age groups.

The synthesis of 1,5-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-tetrakis(carbomethoxy)semibullvalene is reported. This is the first semibullvalene substituted with pi-electron acceptors at positions predicted by theory to lower the E(,act) for the Cope rearrangement. A new synthetic route was utilized which has been found applicable to the preparation of other substituted semibullvalenes. The compound was studied by x-ray crystallography and nmr spectroscopy. The x-ray structure indicates an unusual geometry; the cyclopropyl C2-C8 bond is very long (1.782 A) while the non-bonded distance (C4-C6) is shorter than in the unsubstituted compound. While the molecule does not exist in the delocalized form, it has undergone a substantial electronic rearrangement as manifested by the unusual crystal structure and the low temperature nmr results. MNDO calculations on semibullvalene and some cyano-substituted analogs indicate that the 2,4,6,8-tetracyano and the 2,6-dicyano derivatives should have delocalized structures which are equal or lower in energy than the classical ground state. The C1-C5 methylene annelated semibullvalene is also predicted to have a homoconjugated structure of lower energy than the classical ground state.

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is the etiologic agent for cervical cancer. Yet, infection with HPV is not sufficient to cause cervical cancer, because most infected women develop transient epithelial dysplasias that spontaneously regress. Progression to invasive cancer has been attributed to diverse host factors such as immune or hormonal status, as no recurrent genetic alterations have been identified in cervical cancers. Thus, the pressing question as to the biological basis of cervical cancer progression has remained unresolved, hampering the development of novel therapies and prognostic tests. Here we show that at least 20% of cervical cancers harbor somatically-acquired mutations in the LKB1 tumor suppressor. Approximately one-half of tumors with mutations harbored single nucleotide substitutions or microdeletions identifiable by exon sequencing, while the other half harbored larger monoallelic or biallelic deletions detectable by multiplex ligation probe amplification (MLPA). Biallelic mutations were identified in most cervical cancer cell lines; HeLa, the first human cell line, harbors a homozygous 25 kb deletion that occurred in vivo. LKB1 inactivation in primary tumors was associated with accelerated disease progression. Median survival was only 13 months for patients with LKB1-deficient tumors, but >100 months for patients with LKB1-wild type tumors (P = 0.015, log rank test; hazard ratio = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.083 to 0.77). LKB1 is thus a major cervical tumor suppressor, demonstrating that acquired genetic alterations drive progression of HPV-induced dysplasias to invasive, lethal cancers. Furthermore, LKB1 status can be exploited clinically to predict disease recurrence.

Why did you do this work?To improve undergraduate medical students’ confidence and knowledge in performing the Newborn Infant Physical Examination (NIPE). To provide teaching opportunities to foundation doctors (FDs) in a district general hospital.What did you do?Sessions on how to perform the NIPE were delivered by four FDs rotating through the King’s Mill Hospital paediatric department. This was with the supervision of Dr Bains, the trust Child Health education lead, who shadowed the first two sessions to ensure appropriate supervision. These sessions ran over 2 years for 10 cohorts of medical students. In phase 1 (November 2022 -June 2023), 55 students were taught. In phase 2 (March 2024-July 2024) 72 students were taught owing to increased cohort sizes. Between cohorts there was a handover between foundation doctors leading the sessions. Foundation doctors were selected by Dr Bains to lead the session where it was felt they had demonstrated interest in teaching.Students received a detailed explanation of the purpose and methods of completing a NIPE, followed by an opportunity to watch and then practice the skills under observation in small groups.Students were given a pre and post questionnaire which explored their confidence performing a NIPE and assessed their knowledge. In the first phase this was a 9-question quiz and then progressed to a 10-question quiz to ensure we incorporated all 4 key elements of the screening (hips, heart, eyes and testes).What did you find?Overall, we received 98 responses to the pre-session questionnaire and 71 responses to the post-study questionnaire, which were analysed after each session to improve the next. Unfortunately, the pre-session questionnaire results for one cohort were lost. These values were entirely excluded from the final data set.The average pre-session score was 34% with the average post session score being 80%, an average improvement of 46%.Across both cohorts, the majority of students became more confident with performing the examination. Students gave an average self-rating of 1.8 pre -session compared to 4.2 post session (1 being not at all confident and 5 being very confident).A similar pattern was seen with personal perception of knowledge of the exam and what it involves, with an average self-rating score of 1.35 pre-session compared to 4.25 post session (1 being ‘I know nothing’ and 5 being ‘I know everything’)Feedback comments included:‘Very well taught and clinically relevant’‘Really good and concise with good practical skills at the end’This also resulted in feedback for the FDs involved who could add this teaching to their portfolio as supervised learning events/examples of delivering teaching.What does it mean?This project demonstrates a mutual benefit; giving FDs the opportunity to teach whilst also demonstrating a consistent improvement in students’ knowledge and confidence around the NIPE. Moving forward we are planning to expand this project to focus on supporting more foundation trainees in the region to build their teaching skills.