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Cromwell's legacy
\"Cromwell's Legacy is an exciting collection of essays by scholars who are well-known in their fields of research, most of whom have a proven track record of making their scholarship accessible to a wide student and general readership. This study examines different ways in which Cromwell's life and work impacted on Britain and the rest of the world after his death. Each contributor examines Cromwell's legacy, including not only the important central question of Cromwell's impact on the religious, military and political life of Britain after his death but also Britain's relations with Europe and future developments in both North and South America. The structure of this book has been designed to give as wide a coverage of time and place as possible. This book not only sheds light on an aspect of Cromwellian studies that has been comparatively neglected, it will also stimulate further work on this topic.\"--Publisher's website.
Book
Case Study Research: Foundations and Methodological Orientations
Im Verlauf der letzten 40 Jahre wurden für Forschung mittels Fallstudien substanzielle methodologische Weiterentwicklungen erzielt. Hieraus sind pragmatische und flexible Zugangsweisen erwachsen, die ein tiefgehendes Verständnis unterschiedlichster Themen für zahlreiche Disziplinen erlauben. Wandel und Fortschritt resultierten aus der parallelen historischen Entwicklung von Forschungsansätzen und den Design-Präferenzen, -Perspektiven und -Interpretationen individueller Forscher/innen. Letztere gehören verschiedenen Wissenschaftsrichtungen zu, sie arbeiten vor dem Hintergrund ebenfalls unterschiedlicher philosophischer Annahmen und mit einer großen Vielfalt an Definitionen und konkreten methodischen Umsetzungen. Insbesondere für Forschende, die sich neu und ohne Vorwissen für Fallstudien entscheiden, resultiert hieraus einige Konfusion. Wir befassen uns deshalb in diesem Beitrag zunächst mit der Geschichte dieses Ansatzes und mit seinen methodologischen Variationen. Anschließend skizzieren wir einige Leitlinien, die aus unserer Perspektive essenziell sind und hoffentlich für Forschende, die an der Nutzung von Fallstudien in ihrer Arbeit interessiert sind, Hilfen bei der Wahl zwischen den verfügbaren Optionen bieten.URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1701195
Journal Article
Targeting the adenosine 2A receptor enhances chimeric antigen receptor T cell efficacy
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have been highly successful in treating hematological malignancies, including acute and chronic lymphoblastic leukemia. However, treatment of solid tumors using CAR T cells has been largely unsuccessful to date, partly because of tumor-induced immunosuppressive mechanisms, including adenosine production. Previous studies have shown that adenosine generated by tumor cells potently inhibits endogenous antitumor T cell responses through activation of adenosine 2A receptors (A2ARs). Herein, we have observed that CAR activation resulted in increased A2AR expression and suppression of both murine and human CAR T cells. This was reversible using either A2AR antagonists or genetic targeting of A2AR using shRNA. In 2 syngeneic HER2+ self-antigen tumor models, we found that either genetic or pharmacological targeting of the A2AR profoundly increased CAR T cell efficacy, particularly when combined with PD-1 blockade. Mechanistically, this was associated with increased cytokine production of CD8+ CAR T cells and increased activation of both CD8+ and CD4+ CAR T cells. Given the known clinical relevance of the CD73/adenosine pathway in several solid tumor types, and the initiation of phase I trials for A2AR antagonists in oncology, this approach has high translational potential to enhance CAR T cell efficacy in several cancer types.
Journal Article
Grounded Theory: The FAQs
Since being developed as a research methodology in the 1960s, grounded theory (GT) has grown in popularity. In spite of its prevalence, considerable confusion surrounds GT, particularly in respect of the essential methods that characterize this approach to research. Misinformation is evident in the literature around issues such as the various approaches to GT, how long the process takes, the role of literature and preconceptions, generating and using data and strategies to produce theory. This article examines the most frequently asked questions about GT in an effort to demystify its purpose and use. Understanding the fundamental concepts of GT is critical to the correct use and application of GT methods and the ultimate production of theory that is grounded in data. More significantly, this understanding can prevent researchers encountering common pitfalls that can impede the process and impact the products of research.
Journal Article
The Importance of Ethnographic Observation in Grounded Theory Research
Obwohl Beobachtungsdaten von Anfang an wesentlich für Grounded-Theory-Forschende waren, werden meist Interviewdaten ausgewertet. In diesem Artikel plädieren wir für eine stärkere Einbeziehung ethnografischer Beobachtungsdaten, da diese Praxis mehrere Vorteile bietet: Indem Forschende die sozialen Prozesse, die von den Teilnehmer*innen erlebt werden und sich auf diese auswirken, selbst erfahren, sind ethnografische Beobachtungen sowohl eine einzigartige Datenquelle als auch eine Möglichkeit, die eigene theoretische Sensibilität zu verbessern. Weitere Vorteile ergeben sich bei der Stichprobenziehung und Rekrutierung der Teilnehmenden, der Entwicklung von Interviewleitfäden, der Kodierung und der Analyse. Die Durchführung ethnografischer Beobachtungen kann gemeinsam mit der Verwendung von Interviewdaten zur Verbesserung der Qualität der endgültigen Theorie führen. Das Verfassen von Feldnotizen kann mit dem traditionellen Memoschreiben verbunden werden, was den analytischen Nutzen für die Forscher*innen erhöht und die kritische Prüfung des Forschungsprozesses sowie reflexive Praktiken unterstützt.
Journal Article
Managing the mutations : academic misconduct in Australia, New Zealand and the UK
Academic misconduct is a problem of growing concern across the tertiary education sector. While plagiarism has been the most common form of academic misconduct, the advent of software programs to detect plagiarism has seen the problem of misconduct simply mutate. As universities attempt to function in an increasingly complex environment, the factors that contribute to academic misconduct are unlikely to be easily mitigated. A multiple case study approach examined how academic misconduct is perceived in universities in in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom via interviews with academics and administrators. The findings show that academic misconduct is a systemic problem that manifests in various ways and requires similarly diverse approaches to management. Greater consistency in policies and procedures, including a focus on preventative education for both staff and students, is key to managing the mutations of academic misconduct that continue to plague the higher education sector globally. [Author abstract]
Journal Article
Scholarly Podcasting: Lessons From Disseminating Grounded Theory Findings on Singing Facilitation
Scholarly podcasting is a creative method of qualitative research dissemination that is gaining recognition for its effectiveness and accessibility. Although podcasting has existed for decades, scholarly podcasting is still in its infancy, with contemporary literature suggesting its potential to broaden public scholarship and engage diverse audiences. In this article, we critically reflect on using a five-part podcast series to disseminate the findings of an original grounded theory study. The article begins with a definition of scholarly podcasting and a discussion of its prevalence. We then reflect on its research impact, the resonance between study design and podcasting as a dissemination method, the ethics of using voice, and concerns regarding efficiency and rigour. Technical guidance for readers considering dissemination through scholarly podcasting is provided. These topics are drawn from our experience creating scholarly podcasts, evaluated against recent literature. Our podcasts incorporated study participants’ voices, researcher narration, and diverse aural elements such as songs and soundscapes. We argue these podcast attributes meaningfully engaged audiences, fostering emotional connections with the findings, as illustrated by listener feedback. This article offers readers reflections on our recent podcast dissemination, informed by relevant cross-disciplinary literature on scholarly podcasts.
Journal Article
Effect of biopsy type on outcomes in the treatment of primary cutaneous melanoma
Surgical excision remains the primary and only potentially curative treatment for melanoma. Although current guidelines recommend excisional biopsy as the technique of choice for evaluating lesions suspected of being primary melanomas, other biopsy types are commonly used. We sought to determine the impact of biopsy type (excisional, shave, or punch) on outcomes in melanoma.
A prospectively collected, institutional review board–approved database of primary clinically node–negative melanomas (stages cT1–4N0) was reviewed to determine the impact of biopsy type on T-staging accuracy, wide local excision (WLE) area (cm2), sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) identification rates and results, tumor recurrence, and patient survival.
Seven hundred nine patients were diagnosed by punch biopsy (23%), shave biopsy (34%), and excisional biopsy (43%). Shave biopsy results showed significantly more positive deep margins (P < .001). Both shave and punch biopsy results showed more positive peripheral margins (P < .001) and a higher risk of finding residual tumor (with resulting tumor upstaging) in the WLE (P < .001), compared with excisional biopsy. Punch biopsy resulted in a larger mean WLE area compared with shave and excisional biopsies (P = .030), and this result was sustained on multivariate analysis. SLNB accuracy was 98.5% and was not affected by biopsy type. Similarly, biopsy type did not confer survival advantage or impact tumor recurrence; the finding of residual tumor in the WLE impacted survival on univariate but not multivariate analysis.
Both shave and punch biopsies demonstrated a significant risk of finding residual tumor in the WLE, with pathologic upstaging of the WLE. Punch biopsy also led to a larger mean WLE area compared with other biopsy types. However, biopsy type did not impact SLNB accuracy or results, tumor recurrence, or disease-specific survival (DSS). Punch and shave biopsies, when used appropriately, should not be discouraged for the diagnosis of melanoma.
Journal Article
Harmonising Theory: Integrating Singing With Grounded Theory Methods
The integration of singing and song with established grounded theory methods offers readers unique methodological insights. Readers will be guided through the process of including singing and song within grounded theory methods using a worked example that explores the facilitator factors in group singing. We detail innovative approaches to research design including data generation, analysis and dissemination of findings. Specific examples will illustrate how singing and song can be incorporated into interviews, participatory workshops, coding, memo writing, and for the enhancement of theoretical sensitivity. Additionally, we introduce novel concepts such as practice-informed research, song reaching, and song fragments, and explore their implications for developing a grounded theory of group singing. Finally, we offer recommendations for using singing and song in the teaching and application of grounded theory methods.
Journal Article
A cross-case study comparison of Australian metropolitan and regional cancer nurses’ experiences of work-related stressors and supports
Background
Registered nurses are the largest single professional group working in the field of cancer care and support one of the most vulnerable patient cohorts in the healthcare system. Cancer nurses are known to experience high rates of burnout, but there are significant limitations to current research on the unique stressors experienced by this group of nurses, particularly since the emergence of COVID-19.
Methods
This study employs the Job Demands Resource Model (JD-R model) to better understand the experiences of Victorian cancer nurses’ work and describe factors which ameliorate burnout and work-related stress. A multiple case study research design was used in this study, with two groups of cancer nurses making up a total of 30 participants, allocated to separate cases bounded by geographical location. A two-phase study of Victorian cancer nurses in metropolitan and regional healthcare services was conducted from 2019 to 2021. Data included field notes and in-depth interviews. Data analysis used a process of elaborative coding, with a pre-conceived coding framework based on the JD-R model. A combination of thematic analysis and storyline analysis was employed to analyse the data.
Results
A cross-case analysis of similarities and differences identified the job demands affecting cancer nurses, and conversely, any positive job resources which may buffer these demands. Job demands identified in both cases appeared to have similar causes but were more explicitly linked to poor resourcing in the regional case. Job resources identified in both cases were similar, but it was noted how few job resources were available to buffer the many demands inherent in cancer nurses’ work. This multiple case study found that the work of cancer nurses is high in demands and low in resources.
Conclusions
Despite challenging work conditions, findings identified a highly engaged workforce. The job resources identified in this study suggest there are modifiable strategies to cultivate a supportive work environment for cancer nurses.
Journal Article