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"Milner, James (James H. S.)"
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Refugees, the state and the politics of asylum in Africa
\"How do African states respond to the mass arrival and prolonged presence of refugees? This book answers this question by drawing on recent case studies and examining the politics behind refugee policy in Africa. The implications of this approach are important not only for the study of asylum in Africa, but also for the future of refugee protection\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
This revised and expanded second edition of The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) continues to offer a concise and comprehensive introduction to both the world of refugees and the organizations that protect and assist them. This updated edition also includes:
up to date coverage of the UNHCR’s most recent history and policy developments
evaluation of new thinking on issues such as working in UN integrated operations and within the UN peacebuilding commission
assessment of the UNHCR’s record of working for IDP’s (internally displaced persons)
discussion of the politics of protection and its implications for the work of the UNHCR
outline of the new challenges for the agency including environmental refugees, victims of natural disasters and survival migrants.
Written by experts in the field, this is one of the very few books to trace the relationship between state interests, global politics, and the work of the UNHCR. This book will appeal to students, scholars, practitioners, and readers with an interest in international relations.
Introduction 1. The origins of international concern for refugees 2. UNHCR in the Cold War, 1950-1991 3. UNHCR in the post-Cold War Era 4. The politics and practice of UNHCR’s mandate 5. UNHCR as a global institution 6. New Challenges Conclusion: Towards the future
Praise for previous edition:
'An important contribution' – Claudia Seymour, School of Oriental and African Studies, UK
Alexander Betts is University Lecturer in Refugee Studies and Forced Migration at the University of Oxford. He has worked at UNHCR headquarters and is the author of Protection by Persuasion: International Cooperation in the Refugee Regime (2009).
Gil Loescher is Visiting Professor, Refugee Studies Centre at the University of Oxford and Emeritus Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame. He is the author of several books on refugees and international relations, including The UNHCR and World Politics (2001).
Alexander Betts is University Lecturer in Refugee Studies and Forced Migration at the University of Oxford. He has worked at UNHCR headquarters and is the author of Protection by Persuasion: International Cooperation in the Refugee Regime (2009).
eBook
Refugees' roles in resolving displacement and building peace : beyond beneficiaries
Today, there are more people uprooted by conflict than at any time since World War II, and persecution and disasters further increase the record numbers of refugees and internally displaced persons. This book takes a new approach to examining the obstacles to resolving forced migration by focusing on the coping and problem-solving abilities of the refugees and other displaced persons themselves. The contributors to this volume bring interdisciplinary perspectives and methodologies from the fields of political science, law, sociology, anthropology, and philosophy to help scholars and practitioners look at the problem of refugee crises in a new light. The chapters draw on original fieldwork, including refugee testimonials, and archival research and cover major displacement situations throughout the world. For example, the contributors examine the long-term plights of the Palestinians and Sahrawi and refugees or internally displaced persons related to the cases of Colombia, Myanmar, Uganda, Tanzania, Mozambique, Liberia, Ghana, Haiti, and Nagorno-Karabakh. The findings of this work show that it is important to empower refugees, to tailor solutions to the particular circumstances of a crisis, and to directly involve refugees in conflict resolution processes.
Book
UNHCR: The Politics and Practice of Refugee Protection
This revised and expanded second edition of The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) continues to offer a concise and comprehensive introduction to both the world of refugees and the organizations that protect and assist them. This updated edition also includes:
up to date coverage of the UNHCR's most recent history and policy developments
evaluation of new thinking on issues such as working in UN integrated operations and within the UN peacebuilding commission
assessment of the UNHCR's record of working for IDP's (internally displaced persons)
discussion of the politics of protection and its implications for the work of the UNHCR
outline of the new challenges for the agency including environmental refugees, victims of natural disasters and survival migrants.
Written by experts in the field, this is one of the very few books to trace the relationship between state interests, global politics, and the work of the UNHCR. This book will appeal to students, scholars, practitioners, and readers with an interest in international relations.
eBook
The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR): the politics and practice of refugee protection into the 21st century
This revised and expanded second edition of The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(UNHCR) continues to offer a concise and comprehensive introduction to both the world of refugees and the organizations that protect and assist them. This updated edition also includes: up to date coverage of the UNHCR's most recent history and policy developments evaluation of new thinking on issues such as working in UN integrated operations and within the UN peacebuilding commission assessment of the UNHCR's record of working for IDP's (internally displaced persons) discussion of the politics of protection and its implications for the work of the UNHCR outline of the new challenges for the agency including environmental refugees, victims of natural disasters and survival migrants. Written by experts in the field, this is one of the very few books to trace the relationship between state interests, global politics, and the work of the UNHCR. This book will appeal to students, scholars, practitioners, and readers with an interest in international relations.
eBook
Functional diversity and community assembly of river invertebrates show globally consistent responses to decreasing glacier cover
Global change threatens invertebrate biodiversity and its central role in numerous ecosystem functions and services. Functional trait analyses have been advocated to uncover global mechanisms behind biodiversity responses to environmental change, but the application of this approach for invertebrates is underdeveloped relative to other organism groups. From an evaluation of 363 records comprising >1.23 million invertebrates collected from rivers across nine biogeographic regions on three continents, consistent responses of community trait composition and diversity to replicated gradients of reduced glacier cover are demonstrated. After accounting for a systematic regional effect of latitude, the processes shaping river invertebrate functional diversity are globally consistent. Analyses nested within individual regions identified an increase in functional diversity as glacier cover decreases. Community assembly models demonstrated that dispersal limitation was the dominant process underlying these patterns, although environmental filtering was also evident in highly glacierized basins. These findings indicate that predictable mechanisms govern river invertebrate community responses to decreasing glacier cover globally.
Analysing >1 million river invertebrates from nine biogeographic regions, the authors show that functional trait diversity increases consistently as glacier cover decreases.
Journal Article
Setting robust biodiversity goals
The new global biodiversity framework (GBF) being developed under the Convention on Biological Diversity must drive action to reverse the ongoing decline of the Earth's biodiversity. Explicit, measurable goals that specify the outcomes we want to achieve are needed to set the course for this action. However, the current draft goals and targets fail to set out these clear outcomes. We argue that distinct outcome goals for species, ecosystems, and genetic diversity are essential and should specify net outcomes required for each. Net outcome goals such as “no net loss” do, however, have a controversial history, and loose specification can lead to perverse outcomes. We outline seven general principles to underpin net outcome goal setting that minimize risk of such perverse outcomes. Finally, we recommend inclusion of statements of impact in action targets that support biodiversity goals, and we illustrate the importance of this with an example from the draft GBF action targets. These modifications would help reveal the specific contribution each action would make to achieving the outcome goals and provide clarity on whether the successful achievement of action targets would be adequate to achieve the outcome goals and, in turn, the 2050 vision: living in harmony with nature.
Journal Article
Contribution of reactive oxygen species to cerebral amyloid angiopathy, vasomotor dysfunction, and microhemorrhage in aged Tg2576 mice
Significance One of the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), which is a strong and independent risk factor for cerebral hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, and dementia. However, the mechanisms by which CAA contributes to these conditions are poorly understood. Results from the present study provide strong evidence that vascular oxidative stress plays a causal role in CAA-induced cerebrovascular dysfunction, CAA-induced cerebral hemorrhage, and CAA formation, itself. They also suggest that NADPH oxidase is the source of this oxidative stress and that strategies to inhibit NADPH oxidase may have therapeutic potential in patients with AD and CAA.
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is characterized by deposition of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) within walls of cerebral arteries and is an important cause of intracerebral hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, and cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients with and without Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). NADPH oxidase-derived oxidative stress plays a key role in soluble Aβ-induced vessel dysfunction, but the mechanisms by which insoluble Aβ in the form of CAA causes cerebrovascular (CV) dysfunction are not clear. Here, we demonstrate evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, in particular, NADPH oxidase-derived ROS are a key mediator of CAA-induced CV deficits. First, the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, and the nonspecific ROS scavenger, tempol, are shown to reduce oxidative stress and improve CV reactivity in aged Tg2576 mice. Second, the observed improvement in CV function is attributed both to a reduction in CAA formation and a decrease in CAA-induced vasomotor impairment. Third, anti-ROS therapy attenuates CAA-related microhemorrhage. A potential mechanism by which ROS contribute to CAA pathogenesis is also identified because apocynin substantially reduces expression levels of ApoE—a factor known to promote CAA formation. In total, these data indicate that ROS are a key contributor to CAA formation, CAA-induced vessel dysfunction, and CAA-related microhemorrhage. Thus, ROS and, in particular, NADPH oxidase-derived ROS are a promising therapeutic target for patients with CAA and AD.
Journal Article
Tissue harvest with a laser microbiopsy
Traditional pathology workflow suffers from limitations including biopsy invasiveness, small fraction of large tissue samples being analyzed, and complex and time-consuming processing.
We address limitations of conventional pathology workflow through development of a laser microbiopsy device for minimally invasive harvest of sub-microliter tissue volumes. Laser microbiopsy combined with rapid diagnostic methods, such as virtual hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) imaging has potential to provide rapid minimally invasive tissue diagnosis.
Laser microbiopsies were harvested using an annular shaped Ho:YAG laser beam focused onto the tissue surface. As the annulus was ablated, the tissue section in the center of the annulus was ejected and collected directly onto a glass slide for analysis. Cryogen spray cooling was used before and after laser harvest to limit thermal damage. Microbiopsies were collected from porcine skin and kidney. Harvested microbiopsies were imaged with confocal microscopy and digitally false colored to provide virtual H&E images.
Microbiopsies were successfully harvested from porcine skin and kidney. Computational and experimental results show the benefit of cryogen pre- and post-cooling to limit thermal damage. Virtual H&E images of microbiopsies retained observable cellular features including cell nuclei.
Laser microbiopsy with virtual H&E imaging shows promise as a potential rapid and minimally invasive tool for biopsy and diagnosis.
Journal Article
