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Exploring brain lobe-specific insights in an explainable framework for EEG-based schizophrenia detection
Schizophrenia (ScZ) is a growing global health concern that affects millions of people and puts severe pressure on healthcare systems. Early detection and accurate diagnosis are crucial for adequate management. Electroencephalography (EEG) has evolved into a promising non-invasive tool for detecting ScZ in contemporary research. However, specific biomarkers, especially those related to brain lobes, cannot often be identified by current EEG-based diagnostic methods. Different brain lobes are associated with distinct cognitive functions and patterns of diseases. Also, there is a gap in the incorporation of the explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) technique, as medical diagnosis needs trustworthiness and explainability. This study strives to address these gaps by developing a framework using mel-spectrogram images with Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). EEG signals are converted into mel-spectrogram images using Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT). After that, these images are analyzed using a CNN model to perform classification between ScZ and healthy control (HC). To identify the most critical brain regions, the full brain regions are divided into five different regions, and the same classification process is performed. The performance of the proposed framework is evaluated using two publicly available EEG datasets: repOD and the kaggle basic sensory task dataset, which provides a remarkable accuracy of 99.82% and 98.31% respectively. Among regions, the frontal lobe has the most significant performance with an accuracy of 97.02% and 88.03%, respectively, in these datasets, followed by the temporal lobe. Conversely, the occipital lobe shows the lowest accuracy among lobes, with only 79.30% and 68.33% accuracy on both occasions, showing its lower significance in the diagnosis. To enhance result explainability, three existing XAI technologies—Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME), SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), and Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM)—are applied to demonstrate which factors are responsible for the actual outcomes. These findings emphasize the potential of EEG-based brain lobe analysis in enhancing ScZ detection, diagnostic accuracy, explainability, and clinical guidance.
Journal Article
Development of Smart Healthcare Monitoring System in IoT Environment
Healthcare monitoring system in hospitals and many other health centers has experienced significant growth, and portable healthcare monitoring systems with emerging technologies are becoming of great concern to many countries worldwide nowadays. The advent of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies facilitates the progress of healthcare from face-to-face consulting to telemedicine. This paper proposes a smart healthcare system in IoT environment that can monitor a patient’s basic health signs as well as the room condition where the patients are now in real-time. In this system, five sensors are used to capture the data from hospital environment named heart beat sensor, body temperature sensor, room temperature sensor, CO sensor, and CO
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sensor. The error percentage of the developed scheme is within a certain limit (< 5%) for each case. The condition of the patients is conveyed via a portal to medical staff, where they can process and analyze the current situation of the patients. The developed prototype is well suited for healthcare monitoring that is proved by the effectiveness of the system.
Journal Article
Recent advances in perioperative blood management
ABSTRACT
Transfusion of blood and blood products has many adverse effects and should be done only if patient benefits outweigh the associated risks. Current understanding of blood transfusion has improved dramatically, revolutionising the care of surgical, trauma, obstetric and critically ill patients. Most guidelines advise a restrictive approach for stable patients with non-haemorrhagic anaemia for red blood cell transfusion. The rationale for red blood cell transfusion has historically been to improve oxygen transport capacity and consumption-related parameters in anaemic patients. Current understanding casts serious doubts about the true potential of red blood cell transfusions to improve these factors. There may not be any benefit from blood transfusion beyond a haemoglobin threshold of 7 g/dL. In fact, liberal transfusion may be associated with higher complications. Guideline-based transfusion policy should be adopted for the administration of all blood products including fresh frozen plasma, platelet concentrates and cryoprecipitate etc. This should be integrated with clinical judgement.
Journal Article
UCHL1 as a novel target in breast cancer: emerging insights from cell and chemical biology
Breast cancer has the highest incidence and death rate among cancers in women worldwide. In particular, metastatic estrogen receptor negative (ER–) breast cancer and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes have very limited treatment options, with low survival rates. Ubiquitin carboxyl terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), a ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase belonging to the deubiquitinase (DUB) family of enzymes, is highly expressed in these cancer types, and several key reports have revealed emerging and important roles for UCHL1 in breast cancer. However, selective and potent small-molecule UCHL1 inhibitors have been disclosed only very recently, alongside chemical biology approaches to detect regulated UHCL1 activity in cancer cells. These tools will enable novel insights into oncogenic mechanisms driven by UCHL1, and identification of substrate proteins deubiquitinated by UCHL1, with the ultimate goal of realising the potential of UCHL1 as a drug target in breast cancer.
Journal Article
Nanomaterials-patterned flexible electrodes for wearable health monitoring: a review
Electrodes fabricated on a flexible substrate are a revolutionary development in wearable health monitoring due to their lightweight, breathability, comfort, and flexibility to conform to the curvilinear body shape. Different metallic thin-film and plastic-based substrates lack comfort for long-term monitoring applications. However, the insulating nature of different polymer, fiber, and textile substrates requires the deposition of conductive materials to render interactive functionality to substrates. Besides, the high porosity and flexibility of fiber and textile substrates pose a great challenge for the homogenous deposition of active materials. Printing is an excellent process to produce a flexible conductive textile electrode for wearable health monitoring applications due to its low cost and scalability. This article critically reviews the current state of the art of different textile architectures as a substrate for the deposition of conductive nanomaterials. Furthermore, recent progress in various printing processes of nanomaterials, challenges of printing nanomaterials on textiles, and their health monitoring applications are described systematically.
Graphical Abstract
Journal Article
Mesenchymal stromal cell apoptosis is required for their therapeutic function
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) ameliorate a wide range of diseases in preclinical models, but the lack of clarity around their mechanisms of action has impeded their clinical utility. The therapeutic effects of MSCs are often attributed to bioactive molecules secreted by viable MSCs. However, we found that MSCs underwent apoptosis in the lung after intravenous administration, even in the absence of host cytotoxic or alloreactive cells. Deletion of the apoptotic effectors BAK and BAX prevented MSC death and attenuated their immunosuppressive effects in disease models used to define MSC potency. Mechanistically, apoptosis of MSCs and their efferocytosis induced changes in metabolic and inflammatory pathways in alveolar macrophages to effect immunosuppression and reduce disease severity. Our data reveal a mode of action whereby the host response to dying MSCs is key to their therapeutic effects; findings that have broad implications for the effective translation of cell-based therapies.
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) demonstrate therapeutic benefits in multiple diseases, but the mechanisms remain unclear as infused MSCs do not persist in the body. Here, the authors show that MSC apoptosis is an important mechanistic element, as MSCs rendered genetically incapable of apoptosis lose their ability to ameliorate disease.
Journal Article
The effect of identity-related interventions on physical activity- and smoking-related identities and behavior: a mixed-methods systematic review
Background
Identity, representations individuals hold about themselves, drives health behavior change, influencing both health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors. This mixed-methods systematic review synthesizes interventions directly targeting physical activity (PA)- and/or smoking-related identities to promote PA and smoking cessation in individuals aged 12 years and over. It also examines the effects of these interventions on identity and behavior, as well as mediators or moderators of effectiveness.
Methods
A comprehensive search across nine databases identified 5801 records, with 19 reports (20 studies) being included. Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed study quality using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool.
Results
Four types of identity-related interventions were identified: possible-self interventions, multi-component interventions incorporating identity components, possible-self avatar games, and identity-challenge interventions. Intervention effectiveness was mixed: nearly half of the studies reported significant positive effects on PA- and smoking-related identities and behaviors, while others found no significant differences. No significant negative effects were reported. Although results seem similar for both behaviors, more studies focused on PA, complicating direct comparisons. One study suggested that integrating PA promotion and smoking cessation into a single intervention could be beneficial, but further research is needed. Identified mediators and moderators include self-efficacy, planning, and consideration of future consequences.
Conclusions
Overall, identity-related interventions show promise for PA promotion and smoking cessation, but optimal design and operationalization remain uncertain. Tailoring these interventions to individual characteristics may enhance effectiveness and contribute to public health.
Systematic review registration
Open Science Framework
https://osf.io/avtx4/
Journal Article
Sensor-based fall detection systems: a review
Accidental fall is one of the most prevalent causes of loss of autonomy, deaths and injuries among the elderly people. Fall detection and rescue systems with the advancement of technology help reduce the loss of lives and injuries, as well as the cost of healthcare systems by providing immediate emergency services to the victims of accidental falls. The aim of this paper is to perform a systematic review of the existing sensor-based fall detection and rescue systems and to facilitate further research in this field. The systems are reviewed based on their architecture, used sensors, performance metrics, limitations, etc. This review also provides a taxonomy for classifying the fall detection systems. The systems have been divided into two main categories: single sensor-based fall detection systems, and multiple sensor-based fall detection systems. Although single sensor-based systems are very accurate in detecting falls, multiple sensor-based systems are more efficient. The low power consumption of most single sensor-based systems especially those which are based on the accelerometer is perfect for wearable solutions, while most multiple sensor-based systems are perfect for indoor monitoring.
Journal Article
Sustainable Dyeing Mechanism of Polyester with Natural Dye Extracted from Watermelon and Their UV Protective Characteristics
The practice of natural colorants for polyester fabric dyeing has been rampantly rising in our consumer fashion. In this study, two separate natural colorants were extracted from watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) rind (WRS) and flesh (WFS) for polyester coloration. The optical and colorimetric properties of saps and dyed fabrics, dye fiber bonding phenomena, chromophores diffusion behaviors, color-fastness, ecological and economic aspects were examined through various analyses and the corresponding mechanisms were proposed. A wide range of chromophores diffusion was noticed for several parameter variations and the resulting diffusions were ranging from 42.67 to 83.13 %. Interestingly, WRS and WFS robust the UV shielding properties into the dyed fabric and the recorded UPF rating was found to be above 50. All color-fastness properties including sublimations were very good to excellent (4 to 4/5) except lightfastness. Finally, the ecological and economic aspects of WRS/WFS dyeing were also compared with commercial disperse dyes.
Journal Article