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Nitra-Lupka is an important site from the Great Moravian period in Slovakia. A fortified hillfort which was supposed to be from this period, a battery of pottery kilns, and an Early Medieval cemetery were found on the site and researched during 1959–1975. Further, a few small-range excavations took place on the site at the beginning of the 21st century. At the same time, the dating of the hillfort to the Early Medieval period has begun to be questioned. There was also a problem with the localization of settlement that would belong to the battery of pottery kilns. The settlement was discovered recently in 2021 during development-led excavations at Nitra-Šindolka. It was found at the place of the construction of the ecoduct. Two ovens and four other features with numerous ceramics and other findings were discovered. Some of the bones (phalanges of cattle and goat/sheep) were dated by radiocarbon dating being the first 14C data obtained from this site and therefore of high importance for its precise dating.

During the late first millennium AD, the Bulgarian Empire emerged in the eastern Balkans on the doorstep of the Byzantine Empire. In a bid to reconcile with—and impress—its powerful neighbour, Tsar Simeon I selected the fortified site of Veliki Preslav as a new capital city. Through the ninth and tenth centuries AD, the city was developed into one of the largest cities of the early Middle Ages in Europe. A fortified Inner City of palaces, churches and state buildings was accompanied by a large defended Outer City. The authors present the results of a recent geophysical survey, revealing patterning in the spatial and socio-economic organisation of the urban landscape between the ninth and fourteenth centuries AD.