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We report that ruthenium polypyridyl complexes can catalyze ammonia oxidation to dinitrogen at room temperature and ambient pressure. During bulk electrolysis experiments, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis of the headspace in the electrochemical cell showed that dinitrogen and dihydrogen are generated from ammonia with high faradaic efficiencies. A proposed mechanism where a hydrazine complex is the initial N–N bonded intermediate is supported by chemical and electrochemical experiments. This is a well-defined system for homogeneous electrocatalytic ammonia oxidation. It establishes a platform for answering mechanistic questions relevant to using ammonia to store and distribute renewable energy.

This text presents the findings, applications, and theoretical underpinnings of a unique leadership communication model: motivating language theory. Drawing from management, social science, and communication theories, motivating language theory demonstrates how leader-to-follower speech improves employee and organizational well-being and drives positive workplace outcomes (such as employee performance, retention, and job satisfaction) in a wide array of settings.

Despite steady progress in catalytic methods for the borylation of hydrocarbons, methane has not yet been subject to this transformation. Here we report the iridium-catalyzed borylation of methane using bis(pinacolborane) in cyclohexane solvent. Initially, trace amounts of borylated products were detected with phenanthroline-coordinated Ir complexes. A combination of experimental high-pressure and high-throughput screening, and computational mechanism discovery techniques helped to rationalize the foundation of the catalysis and identify improved phosphine-coordinated catalytic complexes. Optimized conditions of 150°C and 3500-kilopascal pressure led to yields as high as ~52%, turnover numbers of 100, and improved chemoselectivity for monoborylated versus diborylated methane.

Arylboron compounds have intriguing properties and are important building blocks for chemical synthesis. A family of Ir catalysts now enables the direct synthesis of arylboron compounds from aromatic hydrocarbons and boranes under \"solventless\" conditions. The Ir catalysts are highly selective for C-H activation and do not interfere with subsequent in situ transformations, including Pd-mediated cross-couplings with aryl halides. By virtue of their favorable activities and exceptional selectivities, these Ir catalysts impart the synthetic versatility of arylboron reagents to C-H bonds in aromatic and heteroaromatic hydrocarbons.

Areligion or a culture like Judaism, at least three thousand years old, cannot be expected to be all of one piece, homogeneous, self-contained, consistent, a neatly constructed system of ideas. If Judaism were that, it would have died centuries ago and would be a subject of interest only to the historian and archaeologist. Judaism has been a living force precisely because it is a teeming, thundering, and clamoring phenomenon, full of contrary tendencies and inconsistencies. Although there are no words or phrases in Hebrew Scriptures for \"human rights,\" \"conscience,\" or \"due process of law,\" the ideals and values which these concepts represent were inherent in the earliest Jewish texts.This volume begins with four essays on the concept of man's being born \"free and equal,\" in the image of God. The underpinning of this concept in Jewish law is explored in Section 2, entitled \"The Rule of Law.\" Section 3, \"The Democratic Ideal,\" traces the foundations of democracy in the Jewish teachings in the Bible and the Talmud, which in turn influenced the whole body of Western political thought. Relations between man and man, man and woman, employer and employee, slave and master are all spelled out. Section 4 presents essays analyzing man's freedom of conscience, and his God-given rights to dissent and protest. Section 5 deals with aspects of personal liberty, including the right of privacy. Section 6, entitled \"The Earth is the Lord's,\" deals with the Jewish view of man's transient tenancy on God's earth, his obligations not to destroy anything that lives or grows, and to share the earth's bounty with the poor, the widowed, and the orphaned. Section 7 delivers an analysis of the \"end of days\" vision of Micah and man's continuing need to strive for peace and not for war. The volume concludes with three new essays, dealing with contemporary issues: \"In God's Image: The Religious Imperative of Equality under Law\"; \"The Values of a Jewish and Democratic State: The Task of Reaching a Synthesis\"; and \"Religious Freedom and Religious Coercion in the State of Israel.\"This enlarged edition is accessibly written for a general and scholarly audience and will be of particular interest to political scientists, historians, and constitutional scholars.

Water oxidation fixes carbon dioxide producing ∼100 gigatons (GT) of carbohydrates annually. Living organisms convert the stored chemical energy back to carbon dioxide and water through respiration. An analogous cycle can be envisioned whereby hydrogen gas is stored as ammonia, synthesized from atmospherically ubiquitous dinitrogen. Biological and industrial reduction of dinitrogen is currently estimated to produce 0.3–0.5 GT of ammonia annually. An important reaction in such a proposed nitrogen-based hydrogen storage and distribution scheme is the oxidation of ammonia back to dinitrogen and the protons and electrons that regenerate hydrogen gas. While inorganic materials can oxidize ammonia to dinitrogen, protons, and electrons, no molecular species are known to catalyze this reaction. We report that ruthenium polypyridyl complexes can catalyze ammonia oxidation to dinitrogen at room temperature and ambient pressure. During bulk electrolysis experiments, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis of the headspace in the electrochemical cell showed that dinitrogen and dihydrogen are generated from ammonia with high faradaic efficiencies. A proposed mechanism where a hydrazine complex is the initial N–N bonded intermediate is supported by chemical and electrochemical experiments. This is a well-defined system for homogeneous electrocatalytic ammonia oxidation. It establishes a platform for answering mechanistic questions relevant to using ammonia to store and distribute renewable energy.

Transition from pathology trainee to independent pathologist is stressful. No study has examined junior pathologists' challenges and concerns during this transition. To identify challenges and concerns of junior pathologists. Junior pathologists were defined as those who had been practicing independently for up to 5 years after completion of residency/fellowship. An institutional review board-approved electronic survey was created and distributed to recent pathology graduates of MD Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, Texas) and MedStar Georgetown University Hospital (Washington, District of Columbia). The survey was open from October 13, 2022, to January 31, 2023. The survey included 16 multiple-choice and free-text questions. Responses were received from 39 junior pathologists. Participants working in academic settings indicated independence, work-life balance, and professional identity formation as challenges; those in nonacademic settings indicated pathology reporting, efficiency, and administration as challenges. Areas where participants wished they received more guidance differed by practice setting: participants in academic settings more often chose effective time management and importance of turnaround time (35% [7 of 20] versus 0% [0 of 14], P = .03) and tumor board conference presentation skills (25% [5 of 20] versus 0% [0 of 14], P = .06), while those in nonacademic settings more often chose Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) coding, billing, and cost-effective patient care (79% [11 of 14] versus (35% [7 of 20]; P = .02). More female than male participants indicated that they wished they had received more guidance in leadership and soft skills (79% [11 of 14] versus 28% [5 of 18]; P = .01). This study identified challenges experienced by junior pathologists. Collective efforts from training programs, experienced pathologists, and professional organizations can explore ways to improve the transition experience.

Background: Evaluation of exenatide monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes may be of clinical interest based on improvements in glycemic control and weight that have been reported with the use of exenatide in combination with oral antidiabetic agents. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of exenatide monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes naive to antidiabetic agents and whose disease was inadequately controlled with diet and exercise alone. Methods: This 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study was conducted at 23 centers across the United States, Puerto Rico, Romania, Russia, and India. Patients aged ≥18 years with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to receive exenatide 5 µg, exenatide 10 µg, or placebo administered SC BID. Patients were instructed by investigators to maintain their individualized prestudy diet and exercise regimens throughout the study. Efficacy measures included: glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA 1c); fasting serum glucose (FSG); 6-point self-monitored blood glucose; percentages of patients achieving HbA 1c values ≤6.5% and ≤7.0%; weight; and homeostasis model of β-cell function (HOMA-B, a clinical measure of pancreatic β-cell function). Tolerability measures included patient-reported adverse events, hypoglycemia, and blood pressure. Results: A total of 232 patients were included in the intent-to-treat population (130 men, 102 women; 68% white; mean [SD] age, 54 [10] years; duration of type 2 diabetes, 2 [3] years; weight, 86 [16] kg; body mass index, 31 [5] kg/m 2; HbA 1c, 7.8% [0.9%]). At end point, least-squares mean (SE) HbA 1c reductions (%) from baseline were significantly greater with exenatide 5 and 10 µg than placebo (-0.7 [0.1] and -0.9 [0.1] vs -0.2 [0.1]; P = 0.003 and P < 0.001, respectively), as were FSG reductions (mg/dL) (-17.5 [4.0] and -18.7 [4.0] vs -5.2 [4.0]; P = 0.029 and P = 0.016, respectively). Changes in daily mean postprandial glucose excursions (mg/dL) from baseline to end point were significantly greater with exenatide 5 and 10 µg than placebo (-21.3 [2.7] and -24.7 [2.7] vs -8.3 [2.5]; both, P < 0.001). With exenatide 5 and 10 µg, 31% and 35% of patients achieved HbA 1c ≤6.5% at end point versus 19% with placebo ( P = NS and P = 0.026, respectively), while 48% and 46% versus 29% achieved HbA 1c ≤7.0% ( P = 0.024 and P = 0.036, respectively). Changes in weight (kg) at 24 weeks were greater with exenatide 5 and 10 ²g than placebo (-2.8 [0.3] and -3.1 [0.3] vs -1.4 [0.3]; P = 0.004 and P < 0.001, respectively). HOMA-B values increased from baseline to end point by 32% and 28% in the exenatide 5- and 10-µg groups, respectively, versus 6% for placebo. Improvements from baseline to end point in HOMA-B were significantly greater with exenatide 5 and 10 µg than placebo ( P = 0.002 and P = 0.010, respectively). Significant improvements in mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) from baseline to end point were also observed with exenatide (systolic, both 5 and 10 µg, -3.7 [1.2] [ P = 0.037]; diastolic, 10 µg, -2.3 [0.7] [ P = 0.046]) versus placebo (systolic, -0.3 [1.2]; diastolic, -0.3 [0.7]). Overall, 25% of patients reported ≥1 treatment-emergent adverse event. Nausea was reported with the greatest incidence (5 µg, 3%; 10 µg, 13%; placebo, 0%; P = 0.010 for the combined exenatide group vs placebo). Most (88%) treatment-emergent adverse events were mild or moderate in intensity. Hypoglycemia was reported in 5%, 4%, and 1% of patients in the exenatide 5- and 10-µg and placebo groups, respectively ( P = NS), with no incidents of severe hypoglycemia reported. Conclusions: In these patients with type 2 diabetes naive to treatment with antidiabetic agents, exenatide monotherapy was associated with improved HbA 1c, improved fasting and postprandial glucose control, reduced weight, improved β-cell function (HOMA-B), and improved blood pressure, and was well tolerated. These results suggest that exenatide monotherapy may provide a viable treatment option beyond diet and exercise and support further study of exenatide monotherapy in antidiabetic drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes.