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We performed a full mapping of the bulk electronic structure including the Fermi surface and Fermi-velocity distribution v F ( k F ) of tungsten. The 4D spectral function ρ ( E B ; k ) in the entire bulk Brillouin zone and 6 eV binding-energy ( E B ) interval was acquired in ∼3 h thanks to a new multidimensional photoemission data-recording technique (combining full-field k -microscopy with time-of-flight parallel energy recording) and the high brilliance of the soft X-rays used. A direct comparison of bulk and surface spectral functions (taken at low photon energies) reveals a time-reversal-invariant surface state in a local bandgap in the (110)-projected bulk band structure. The surface state connects hole and electron pockets that would otherwise be separated by an indirect local bandgap. We confirmed its Dirac-like spin texture by spin-filtered momentum imaging. The measured 4D data array enables extraction of the 3D dispersion of all bands, all energy isosurfaces, electron velocities, hole or electron conductivity, effective mass and inner potential by simple algorithms without approximations. The high-Z bcc metals with large spin–orbit-induced bandgaps are discussed as candidates for topologically non-trivial surface states. Time-of-flight momentum microscopy is developed. It enables direct three-dimensional mapping of the topology of the Fermi surface, identification of electron and hole pockets, and quantification of Fermi velocity as a function of wavevector.

Photoemission-intensity distributions IRCP/LCP (EB, k) measured for right- and left-circularly polarized soft x-rays revealed a large circular dichroism in angular distribution (CDAD) in the 4D parameter space (EB binding energy, k momentum vector). Full-field k-imaging combined with time-of-flight energy recording at a high-brilliance soft x-ray beamline allowed mapping the CDAD in the bulk Brillouin zone of tungsten and the entire d-band complex within a few hours. CDAD-asymmetries are very high (up to 90%), persist throughout the whole photon-energy range (300-1300 eV) and show a pronounced dependence on momentum k and binding energy EB, visualized as movies or sequences of cuts through the 4D object. One-step photoemission calculations for the same photon energies show fair agreement with the measured results. In addition to the requirement of a 'handed' experimental geometry, known from previous experiments on adsorbates and surface states, we find an anti-symmetric behavior of the CDAD with respect to two bulk mirror planes. A new symmetry condition along the perpendicular momentum kz makes CDAD a valuable tool for an unambiguous identification of high-symmetry planes in direct transitions in the periodic zone scheme. Technically, the method provides a circular polarimeter for soft, tender and hard x-rays.

Japan was Asia’s leading generator of international tourism in the 1980s and 1990s. Japanese tourists make up over 30% of all international tourists to Taiwan and they have been the highest ranking tourist source market since the early stages of the island’s tourism development in the 1970s. However, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003, the most catastrophic disaster in the past 100 years in Taiwan, had a huge impact on Japanese inbound tourism to the island. The purpose of this study is to evaluate how Japanese inbound arrivals have been affected by the SARS outbreak. A SARIMA with intervention model is used to assess the impact of the epidemic on inbound tourism from Japan to Taiwan in the aftermath of the SARS outbreak. The empirical results indicated that inbound tourism from Japan was devastated by the crisis, particularly during the first 5 months after the SARS outbreak. This study provides some helpful insight for the tourism industry to respond to the impact of exogenous shock.

We investigated the influence of oxygen vacancy on the electronic and atomic distributions in hafnium oxide, using hard and soft x-ray absorption spectroscopies. Analyses on the Hf L3-edge extended x-ray absorption fine structures revealed that the average Hf-O bond length reduces more than -0.1 Å in the presence of oxygen vacancy, consequently on the lattice relaxation. Furthermore, the O K-edge absorption spectrum shows additional band tail state beneath the genuine Hf 5d conduction band, which manifests a small occupation in Hf d shell in the oxygen-deficient oxide. However, the nonzero d occupation is found not to involve a ferromagnetic spin correlation by the absence of features in the Hf N3-edge magnetic circular dichroism.

This paper aims to accelerate the iteration convergence for elliptic fluid flow problems, so that an under-relaxation factor control method is developed. There should be an optimal under-relaxation factor that can result in the equivalence of the global residual norms of momentum equation u and momentum equation v. The two residual norms of the momentum equations will be equivalent through controlling the velocity under-relaxation factors, and then the iteration convergence can be accelerated. Two expressions (α=(α0)ßγ and α=(α0)(1/ß )γ ) are proposed to adjust the values of under-relaxation factors for every n iterations. From the five preliminary computations it is found that the value of γ can be larger than 1 and of n can be less than 5 for an open system, and the value of γ should be less than 1 and that of n should be larger than 10 for a closed system. These two pairs of parameters are then used in another five examples. It is found that the saving in CPU times is at least 43.9 percent for the closed system and 67.5 percent for the open system. When the Re or Ra of the two-dimensional problems are low, this control method is feasible. More research work is needed in order to apply it in three-dimensional or high Re or Ra problems. This method is helpful for the acceleration of iteration convergence in simple problems, and is a preparation for the advanced research in complicated problems.

We use time-resolved momentum microscopy at a free-electron laser (FEL) and extend orbital tomography into the time domain to image the electronic wave functions of excited molecular orbitals. This technique provides unprecedented insight into the ultrafast interplay between structural and electronic dynamics. In this work we prove general applicability and establish the experimental conditions at FEL sources to minimize space charge effects and radiation damage. We investigate a bilayer pentacene film on Ag(110) by optical laser pump and FEL probe experiments. From the momentum microscopy signal, we obtain time-dependent momentum maps of the excited-state dynamics of both pentacene layers separately. Combining experimental observations with a theoretical study, we interpret the observed signal for the bottom layer as resulting from the charge redistribution between the molecule and the substrate induced by excitation. We identify that the dynamics of the top pentacene layer resembles excited-state molecular dynamics.

Emotional intelligence (EI) has generated widespread interest in recent years and become an important factor in determining success in academic, workplace and personal life. This study aimed to assess self-reported strengths and weaknesses in EI among tourism students, helping inform the development of specific intervention programmes in the future, thus enabling students to enjoy greater achievement in their work. The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was adopted to prioritise EI training needs after assessing the perceived strengths and weaknesses of emotional competencies. Practical implications and recommendations for future research are provided and discussed. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

The objective of this research is to assess whether two events, the 9-21 Earthquake in 1999 and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome outbreak in 2003, had a temporary or long-term impact on the inbound tourism demand from Japan. Furthermore, a comparative study is conducted to assess whether intervention analysis produces better forecasts compared with forecasts without intervention analysis. The data adopted in this study consist of monthly visitor arrivals from Japan to Taiwan for the period January 1979-September 2006. The first 321 observations ( January 1979-September 2005) are used to develop two tentative models, with and without intervention analyses, and then compare with the known values (October 2005-September 2006) for accuracy testing. Findings - Experimental results show that the effect of both disasters on Japanese inbound tourism presented only temporarily, and the forecasting efficiency of ARIMA with intervention is superior to that of a model without intervention. The study had difficulty accurately delineating the rebound in Japanese tourist based on monthly data. There are other factors that might influence a rebound, such as people' fading memories or the purpose of visitation. The geographic proximity of Taiwan to Japan could also account for perceived risk factors. The results indicate that the Japanese inbound arrivals sharply dropped following both of the two disastrous occurrences, suggesting that the Japanese tourists are likely to be responsive to prompt marketing strategies and messages. The practical implication for tourism operators include the usefulness of reinforcing the package holiday by establishing an attractively priced travel package or offering a package with a variety of highly desirable or unique features to increase competition. This study is a first attempt in the tourism literature to model Japanese demand for travel to Taiwan after these two traumatic crises. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

The current study extends the author's previous study in which Hofstede's uncertainty avoidance dimension (1991) was applied to the case of the September 21st earthquake in 1999, the largest natural disaster of the 20th century in Taiwan. The study assessed how the behavior of Japanese and United States tourists has been affected. The results indicate clear differences in rebound status between Japanese and American visitor arrivals that are remarkably consistent with Hofstede's conceptualization - the Japanese tended toward uncertainty avoidance more than the Americans.