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"Minelli, P"
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PIC modeling of negative ion sources for fusion
This work represents the first attempt to model the full-size ITER negative ion source prototype including expansion, extraction and part of the acceleration regions keeping the resolution fine enough to resolve every single aperture of the extraction grid. The model consists of a 2.5-dimensional Particle-in-Cell/Monte Carlo Collision representation of the plane perpendicular to the filter field lines. Both the magnetic filter and electron deflection fields have been included. A negative ion current density of j H − = 500 A m − 2 produced by neutral conversion from the plasma grid is used as fixed parameter, while negative ions produced by electron dissociative attachment of vibrationally excited molecules and by ionic conversion on plasma grid are self-consistently simulated. Results show the non-ambipolar character of the transport in the expansion region driven by electron magnetic drifts in the plane perpendicular to the filter field. It induces a top-bottom asymmetry detected up to the extraction grid which in turn leads to a tilted positive ion flow hitting the plasma grid and a tilted negative ion flow emitted from the plasma grid. As a consequence, the plasma structure is not uniform around the single aperture: the meniscus assumes a form of asymmetric lobe and a deeper potential well is detected from one side of the aperture relative to the other side. Therefore, the surface-produced contribution to the negative ion extraction is not equally distributed between both the sides around the aperture but it come mainly from the lower side of the grid giving an asymmetrical current distribution in the single beamlet.
Journal Article
Reflections on Atherosclerosis: Lesson from the Past and Future Research Directions
The clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis are nowadays the main cause of death in industrialized countries, but atherosclerotic disease was found in humans who lived thousands of years ago, before the spread of current risk factors. Atherosclerotic lesions were identified on a 5300-year-old mummy, as well as in Egyptian mummies and other ancient civilizations. For many decades of the twentieth century, atherosclerosis was considered a degenerative disease, mainly determined by a passive lipid storage, while the most recent theory of atherogenesis is based on endothelial dysfunction. The importance of inflammation and immunity in atherosclerosis's pathophysiology was realized around the turn of the millennium, when in 1999 the famous pathologist Russell Ross published in the New England Journal of Medicine an article entitled \"Atherosclerosis - an inflammatory disease\". In the following decades, inflammation has been a topic of intense basic research in atherosclerosis, albeit its importance has ancient scientific roots. In fact, in 1856 Rudolph Virchow was the first proponent of this hypothesis, but evidence of the key role of inflammation in atherogenesis occurred only in 2017. It seemed interesting to retrace the key steps of atherosclerosis in a historical context: from the teachings of the physicians of the Roman Empire to the response-to-injury hypothesis, up to the key role of inflammation and immunity at various stages of disease. Finally, we briefly discussed current knowledge and future trajectories of atherosclerosis research and its therapeutic implications. Keywords: atherosclerosis, history of medicine, cardiovascular disease, inflammation
Journal Article
The Mediterranean Diet And Cardioprotection: Historical Overview And Current Research
Ancient Greece was the cradle of the Mediterranean food tradition, characterized by the Mediterranean \"eternal trinity\" wheat - olive oil - wine, the very essence of the country's traditional agricultural and dietary regime, enriched by a culture of sharing and commensality. This food model, subsequently adopted and spread by the Romans, was rediscovered at the end of the Second World War by two American researchers, Leland Allbaugh and Ancel Keys. With the famous Seven Countries Study, Keys demonstrated for the first time that populations practicing a Mediterranean diet - such as the Greeks and southern Italians - showed low mortality rates from ischemic heart disease compared to the peoples of Northern Europe and North America. Since then, numerous subsequent epidemiological studies and randomized clinical trials have confirmed the beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet both in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. This review will focus on the origins of the Mediterranean diet from its roots and its relationship to cardiovascular disease, with a brief overview of the nutritional mechanisms that influence atherosclerosis.
Journal Article
Quantum Zeno effect in a multilevel molecule
We study the dynamics of the populations of a model molecule endowed with two sets of rotational levels of different parity, whose ground levels are energy degenerate and coupled by a constant interaction. The relaxation rate from one set of levels to the other one has an interesting dependence on the average collision frequency of the molecules in the gas. This is interpreted as a quantum Zeno effect due to the decoherence effects provoked by the molecular collisions.
Paper
Clinical Presentation of COVID19 in Dementia Patients
No studies analyzing the role of dementia as a risk factor for mortality in patients affected by COVID-19. We assessed the prevalence, clinical presentation and outcomes of dementia among subjects hospitalized for COVID19 infection.
Retrospective study.
COVID wards in Acute Hospital in Brescia province, Northern Italy.
We used data from 627 subjects admitted to Acute Medical wards with COVID 19 pneumonia.
Clinical records of each patients admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of COVID19 infection were retrospectively analyzed. Diagnosis of dementia, modalities of onset of the COVID-19 infection, symptoms of presentation at the hospital and outcomes were recorded.
Dementia was diagnosed in 82 patients (13.1%). The mortality rate was 62.2% (51/82) among patients affected by dementia compared to 26.2% (143/545) in subjects without dementia (p<0.001, Chi-Squared test). In a logistic regression model age, and the diagnosis of dementia resulted independently associated with a higher mortality, and patients diagnosed with dementia presented an OR of 1.84 (95% CI: 1.09–3.13, p<0.05). Among patients diagnosed with dementia the most frequent symptoms of onset were delirium, especially in the hypoactive form, and worsening of the functional status.
The diagnosis of dementia, especially in the most advanced stages, represents an important risk factor for mortality in COVID-19 patients. The clinical presentation of COVID-19 in subjects with dementia is atypical, reducing early recognition of symptoms and hospitalization.
Journal Article
Clinical Presentation of COVID19 in Dementia Patients
No studies analyzing the role of dementia as a risk factor for mortality in patients affected by COVID-19. We assessed the prevalence, clinical presentation and outcomes of dementia among subjects hospitalized for COVID19 infection.
Retrospective study.
COVID wards in Acute Hospital in Brescia province, Northern Italy.
We used data from 627 subjects admitted to Acute Medical wards with COVID 19 pneumonia.
Clinical records of each patients admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of COVID19 infection were retrospectively analyzed. Diagnosis of dementia, modalities of onset of the COVID-19 infection, symptoms of presentation at the hospital and outcomes were recorded.
Dementia was diagnosed in 82 patients (13.1%). The mortality rate was 62.2% (51/82) among patients affected by dementia compared to 26.2% (143/545) in subjects without dementia (p<0.001, Chi-Squared test). In a logistic regression model age, and the diagnosis of dementia resulted independently associated with a higher mortality, and patients diagnosed with dementia presented an OR of 1.84 (95% CI: 1.09-3.13, p<0.05). Among patients diagnosed with dementia the most frequent symptoms of onset were delirium, especially in the hypoactive form, and worsening of the functional status.
The diagnosis of dementia, especially in the most advanced stages, represents an important risk factor for mortality in COVID-19 patients. The clinical presentation of COVID-19 in subjects with dementia is atypical, reducing early recognition of symptoms and hospitalization.
Journal Article
Guidelines for performing Mendelian randomization investigations
This paper provides guidelines for performing Mendelian randomization investigations. It is aimed at practitioners seeking to undertake analyses and write up their findings, and at journal editors and reviewers seeking to assess Mendelian randomization manuscripts. The guidelines are divided into nine sections: motivation and scope, data sources, choice of genetic variants, variant harmonization, primary analysis, supplementary and sensitivity analyses (one section on robust statistical methods and one on other approaches), data presentation, and interpretation. These guidelines will be updated based on feedback from the community and advances in the field. Updates will be made periodically as needed, and at least every 18 months.
Journal Article