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Dyslipidaemia is an established cardiovascular risk factor. This study aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of dyslipidaemia in Malaysian adults. A systematic review and meta-analysis of all cross-sectional, longitudinal observational studies which reported the prevalence of elevated total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), triglycerides (TG), and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) in adults 18 years old and older, was conducted. A comprehensive search of PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (which included Medline, EMBASE and major trial registers) from inception to October 18, 2022, was performed. Risk-of-bias was evaluated using the Johanna-Briggs Institute Prevalence Critical Appraisal Tool, while certainty of evidence was assessed using an adapted version of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed using MetaXL. This report follows the PRISMA reporting guidelines. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020200281). 26 556 studies were retrieved and 7 941 were shortlisted initially. From this, 70 Malaysian studies plus two studies from citation searching were shortlisted; 46 were excluded, and 26 were included in the review (n = 50 001). The pooled prevalence of elevated TC (≥ 5.2 mmol/L), elevated LDL-c (≥ 2.6 mmol/L), elevated TG (≥ 1.7 mmol/L), and low HDL-c (< 1.0 mmol/L in men and < 1.3 mmol/L in women) were 53% (95% CI 39–67%, I 2  = 100%), 73% (95% CI 50–92%, I 2  = 100%), 36% (95% CI 32–40%, I 2  = 96%), and 40% (95% CI 25–55%, I 2  = 99%), respectively. This review found that the prevalence of all dyslipidaemia subtypes is high in Malaysian adults. Ongoing efforts to reduce cardiovascular diseases in Malaysia should integrate effective detection and treatment of dyslipidaemia.

Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging novel cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor. It’s prevalence is increasing globally. However, there is paucity in the evidence showing the association between NAFLD and CVD risk in primary care setting. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence and factors associated with NAFLD among patients with ≥1 risk factor for NAFLD or CVD attending primary care clinics. Methodology A cross sectional study was conducted in two clinics at a university primary care centre. Patients aged ≥18 years with ≥1 risk factor for NAFLD or CVD were recruited. Participants with history of established liver disease or chronic alcohol use were excluded. Socio-demographics, clinical related data, anthropometric measurements and blood investigation results were recorded in a proforma. Diagnosis of NAFLD was made using abdominal ultrasound. The 10-year CVD risk was calculated using the general Framingham Risk Score (FRS). Multiple logistic regression (MLogR) was performed to identify independent factors associated with NAFLD. Results A total of 263 participants were recruited. The mean age was 52.3 ± 14.7 years old. Male and female were equally distributed. Majority of the participants were Malays (79.8%). The overall prevalence of NAFLD was 54.4% (95%CI 48,60%). Participants in the high FRS category have higher prevalence of NAFLD (65.5%), followed by those in the moderate category (55.4%) and the low category (46.3%), p = 0.025. From MLogR, independent factors associated with NAFLD were being employed (OR = 2.44, 95%CI 1.26,4.70, p = 0.008), obesity with BMI ≥27.5 (OR = 2.89, 95%CI 1.21,6.91, p = 0.017), elevated fasting glucose ≥5.6 mmol/L (OR = 2.79, 95%CI 1.44,5.43, p = 0.002), ALT ≥34 U/L (OR = 3.70, 95%CI 1.85,7.44, p < 0.001) and high FRS category (OR = 2.82, 95%CI 1.28,6.23, p = 0.010). Conclusion NAFLD is highly prevalent among patients with ≥1 risk factor for NAFLD or CVD in these primary care clinics. Patients who were obese, have elevated fasting glucose, elevated ALT and in the high FRS category were more likely to have NAFLD. This study underscores the importance of targeted screening for NAFLD in those with risk factors in primary care. Aggressive intervention must be executed in those with NAFLD in order to reduce CVD complications and risk of progression.

Ahmad Nazrun Shuid,1 Siti Farah Alwani Mohd Nawi,2 Siti Norsyafika Kamarudin,1 Ahmad Naqib Shuid,3 Mohd Maaruf Abdul Malik,4 Noor Fahitah Abu Hanipah,1 Hayatul Najaa Miptah,5 Isa Naina Mohamed6 1Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 47000, Malaysia; 2Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 47000, Malaysia; 3Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas, Penang, 13200, Malaysia; 4Centre of Preclinical Science Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, 47000, Malaysia; 5Department of Primary Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 47000, Malaysia; 6Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, MalaysiaCorrespondence: Isa Naina Mohamed, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia, Email isanaina@hctm.ukm.edu.myAbstract: The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has intensified the search for alternative antimicrobial agents, with plant-derived extracts emerging as promising candidates. The Acmella genus, known for its rich array of bioactive compounds, has been explored for its antibacterial potential; however, a comprehensive synthesis of the available evidence remains limited. This systematic review aims to evaluate the antibacterial properties of Acmella genus plant extracts by analysing studies retrieved from the Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. An advanced search identified 111 relevant articles, of which 14 met the inclusion criteria after a rigorous screening process. The selected studies predominantly investigated Acmella oleracea (syn. Spilanthes acmella), along with Acmella ciliata, Acmella caulirhiza, Acmella paniculata, and Acmella uliginosa. Ethanol and methanol were the primary solvents used for extraction, with methanolic extracts generally demonstrating superior antibacterial efficacy. Antibacterial activity was assessed using in vitro methodologies, including minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), disc diffusion, and agar well diffusion assays. The results revealed significant inhibitory effects against Gram-positive bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as Gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Notably, some studies reported biofilm inhibition properties, highlighting the potential of Acmella extracts in managing persistent infections. While these findings underscore the therapeutic promise of Acmella-derived compounds in oral health and wound care, the absence of in vivo and clinical studies limits their translational applicability. Future research should focus on isolating active compounds, evaluating their pharmacokinetics, and exploring synergistic effects with conventional antibiotics to enhance efficacy and minimize resistance development. Keywords: Acmella genus, plant extracts, antibacterial activity, infection, antibiotic resistance

Intussusception is relatively common in children, but it is a rare cause of abdominal pain and intestinal obstruction in adults. The aetiology, clinical presentation and management of this condition differs in adults and children. Preoperative clinical diagnosis is usually difficult due to the non-specific and intermittent nature of the symptoms. Ultrasound and computed tomography can be helpful in establishing the diagnosis. We present a case of adult ileocolic intussusception with classical radiological signs and operative findings. In adults the diagnosis of intussusception should be considered in a case of intermittent abdominal pain, especially with clinical signs of intermittent bowel obstruction.