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Renewable energy dependence on variable weather creates mismatches with energy demand. One possible solution is to produce and store green hydrogen by energy surpluses for later use. While surface storage options are limited, subsurface storage in salt caverns (200 m to 2 km deep) is more suitable due to their favorable properties. However, imaging these caverns is difficult because traditional geophysical methods often lack the resolution or depth penetration needed, making it challenging to study such formations effectively. Many of the limitations of conventional geophysical prospecting methods can be addressed by Muon Radiography (MR), an advanced technique that uses cosmic muons to detect underground density variations. Because muons penetrate deeply, their attenuation reveals information about the density and structure of the material, allowing for the identification of cavities with high spatial resolution over several hundred meters. This article presents a MR project aimed at imaging and characterizing underground salt caverns in southern Sicily. A muon detector was first installed at the surface to collect a calibration sample of free-sky muons, then moved to an underground gallery at m ASL to test the method near a known tunnel. The paper includes expected results from synthetic data and first data analysis from the calibration and underground samples.

The design of next-generation calorimeters for accelerator-borne experiments at the intensity frontier poses unprecedented challenges with regard to timing performance and radiation resistance, while rivaling the current state of the art in terms of energy resolution. A significant role may be played by quantum dots, i.e., light-emitting semiconductor nanocrystals with high quantum yield and rather easy to manufacture. Quantum dots can be cast into an optically transparent polymer matrix to obtain nanocomposite scintillators, which are functionally similar to conventional plastic scintillators and can feature (100 ps) emission times and (1 MGy) radiation resistance. Moreover, they are rather economical, thus suiting large-volume applications. The NanoCal project is evaluating the potential for the use of perovskite-based nanocomposite scintillators in sampling calorimeters, which is nowadays yet to be extensively explored. We are performing comparative tests of innovative scintillators, both fully organic and nanocomposite, as standalone samples and integrated in fine-sampling shashlik calorimeter prototypes. Measurements are performed using both cosmic rays and electron and MIP beams in a wide energy range (at the CERN and INFN LNF beamtest facilities), allowing the performance gains obtained from the different scintillators to be directly characterised.

The NA62 experiment reports an investigation of the$$ {K}^{+}\\to {\\pi}^{+}\\nu \\overline{\\nu} $$K + → π + ν ν ¯ mode from a sample of K + decays collected in 2017 at the CERN SPS. The experiment has achieved a single event sensitivity of (0 . 389 ± 0 . 024) × 10 − 10 , corresponding to 2.2 events assuming the Standard Model branching ratio of (8 . 4 ± 1 . 0) × 10 − 11 . Two signal candidates are observed with an expected background of 1.5 events. Combined with the result of a similar analysis conducted by NA62 on a smaller data set recorded in 2016, the collaboration now reports an upper limit of 1 . 78 × 10 − 10 for the$$ {K}^{+}\\to {\\pi}^{+}\\nu \\overline{\\nu} $$K + → π + ν ν ¯ branching ratio at 90% CL. This, together with the corresponding 68% CL measurement of ($$ {0.48}_{-0.48}^{+0.72} $$0.48 − 0.48 + 0.72 ) × 10 − 10 , are currently the most precise results worldwide, and are able to constrain some New Physics models that predict large enhancements still allowed by previous measurements.

Objectives: Our classic histopathologic study of aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) revealed that “blue reticulated chondroid-like material” (BRC) is characteristic of ABC. Methods: The light microscopic findings were retrospectively analyzed in 215 cases of ABC, including 101 primary and 114 secondary cases. In addition, 22 cases of telangiectatic osteosarcoma (TOS) were drawn from the same source and used as a control. Results: We found the presence of typical BRC in 24 (23.8%) of 101 cases of primary ABC and in six (5.3%) of 114 cases of secondary ABC, with an overall incidence of 30 (14%). None of the cases of TOS showed BRC. BRC was significantly more common in primary ABC than in secondary ABC (P < .05) and in patients 19 years or younger than in those 20 years or older (P < .05). Conclusions: BRC appears to be a unique histopathologic feature of ABC, making it valuable to differentiate benign ABC from TOS. Simple H&E stain can be economically performed anywhere.

Our classic histopathologic study of aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) revealed that \"blue reticulated chondroid-like material\" (BRC) is characteristic of ABC. The light microscopic findings were retrospectively analyzed in 215 cases of ABC, including 101 primary and 114 secondary cases. In addition, 22 cases of telangiectatic osteosarcoma (TOS) were drawn from the same source and used as a control. We found the presence of typical BRC in 24 (23.8%) of 101 cases of primary ABC and in six (5.3%) of 114 cases of secondary ABC, with an overall incidence of 30 (14%). None of the cases of TOS showed BRC. BRC was significantly more common in primary ABC than in secondary ABC (P < .05) and in patients 19 years or younger than in those 20 years or older (P < .05). BRC appears to be a unique histopathologic feature of ABC, making it valuable to differentiate benign ABC from TOS. Simple H&E stain can be economically performed anywhere.

We reviewed 845 cases of benign and 356 cases of malignant cartilaginous tumors from a total of 3067 primary bone tumors in our database. Benign cartilaginous lesions are unique because the epiphyseal plate has been implicated in the etiology of osteochondroma, enchondroma (single or multiple), periosteal chondromas and chondroblastoma. In the first part of this paper, we will review important clinical, radiologic and histologic features of intramedullary cartilaginous lesions in an attempt to support theories related to anatomic considerations and pathogenesis.

A bstract A measurement of the K + → π + ν ν ¯ decay by the NA62 experiment at the CERN SPS is presented, using data collected in 2021 and 2022. This dataset was recorded, after modifications to the beamline and detectors, at a higher instantaneous beam intensity with respect to the 2016–2018 data taking. Combining NA62 data collected in 2016–2022, a measurement of B K + → π + ν ν ¯ = 13.0 − 3.0 + 3.3 × 10 − 11 is reported. With 51 signal candidates observed and an expected background of 18 − 2 + 3 events, B K + → π + ν ν ¯ becomes the smallest branching ratio measured with a signal significance above 5 σ .

In part I, we reviewed the varied clinical presentations, pathogenesis, histologic findings, radiologic findings, and treatment of intramedullary cartilaginous lesions of bone. In this section, we will evaluate our cases and consultations of juxtacortical cartilaginous tumors. Radiographic differential diagnosis includes the numerous juxtacortical lesions particularly osteochondroma, parosteal chondroma, Trevor's disease, trauma (fracture and periostitis ossificans), and the low- and high-grade surface osteosarcomas. By emphasizing pathogenesis in conjunction with radiographic and histologic findings, pitfalls in diagnosis and subsequent treatment can be avoided in such cases.

Two cases are reported of a newly described intraosseous entity of vertebral bodies deemed \"giant notochordal hamartoma of intraosseous origin\". This entity is commonly mistaken for chordoma and must be distinguished from it as the consequences of misinterpretation may be serious. The clinical, radiological and histologic criteria that can be used to distinguish these two entities are emphasized. Included is a proposed pathogenesis for this lesion, its probable notochordal origin, and a review of other probable cases.

A bstract The NA62 experiment at CERN, designed to study the ultra-rare decay K + → π + ν ν ¯ , has also collected data in beam-dump mode. In this configuration, dark photons may be produced by protons dumped on an absorber and reach a decay volume beginning 80 m downstream. A search for dark photons decaying in flight to μ + μ − pairs is reported, based on a sample of 1 . 4 × 10 17 protons on dump collected in 2021. No evidence for a dark photon signal is observed. A region of the parameter space is excluded at 90% CL, improving on previous experimental limits for dark photon masses between 215 and 550 MeV /c 2 .