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In this study, a compact (30 × 30 × 0.508 mm 3 ) 8-port MIMO antenna for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), vehicle-to-everything (V2X) and 5G applications is designed, developed, tested and discussed. After a systematic study, an optimal single element of the proposed antenna is chosen from four steps (Step 1, Step 2, Step 3, Step 4). The geometry of the proposed antenna comprises eight circular radiating elements on the top plane of the substrate in which pentagon structure is etched out from each element to resonate it at 5.5 GHz. Stepped rectangular structure is removed from the ground plane underneath of each radiating elements. A dielectric substrate (RT/Duorid (5870 tm)) is used to fabricate the proposed antenna design with following specification: ε r  = 2.33, h  = 0.508 mm, loss tangent (tan δ = 0.0012). A unique structure of the proposed antenna geometry exhibits −10 dB wideband bandwidth of 1.32 GHz (5–6.32 GHz) and high isolation (> 30 dB) in entire band. A peak gain of 6.5 dB and 92% radiation efficiency have been achieved. Moreover, good degree of MIMO characteristics such as envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) (< 0.001), diversity gain (DG) (> 9.87 dB), channel capacity loss (CCL) (< 0.04 bits/s/Hz), channel capacity (37.6 bits/s/Hz) and mean effective gain (MEG) (−12 dB < MEG < −3 dB) have also been obtained. The antenna design was simulated through HFSS and fabricated & tested for further validation of results. Simulated results were found in strong concordance of experimental results.

This article presents an ultra-compact (1.02λ × 1.02λ mm 2 ) and highly isolated 8-port MIMO antenna designed for NR-n46 and n79 bands, as well as licensed assisted access (LAA). A systematic study was performed to choose an optimal antenna (Design-3) among all designs (Design-1, Design-2, and Design-3) after systematic study (parametric study and circuit theory analysis) of Ref. design-1, Ref. design-2, Ref. design-3 and Ref. design-4. An optimal and proposed antenna geometry consists of two orthogonal radiators on the top and a novel ground plane (rectangular ring, centered annular ring and plus shaped slot) at the bottom of each corner of the dielectric substrate to create a perfectly matched 8-port antenna. The proposed antenna demonstrates a wideband frequency operation of 700 MHz within the 4.75–5.45 GHz range, specifically in the sub-6 GHz 5G band. It resonates at 5.2 GHz, achieving an isolation of 33 dB, a gain of 4.7 dB, and a radiation efficiency of 92.5%. The MIMO characteristics, including ECC, DG, TARC, MEG, and CCL, were evaluated and found to be within acceptable parameters. The antenna was fabricated, tested in a laboratory setting, and its performance was validated against simulated results.

Striated muscle hamartomas are rare, benign malformations of disorganised but mature striated muscle fibres. This case report presents a congenital striated muscle hamartoma (CSMH) in a primary school-going girl, involving the temporalis and frontalis muscles—an unprecedented and atypical location. The patient exhibited a progressively enlarging swelling in the left temporal region, initially suspected to be a capillary haemangioma or rhabdomyoma based on imaging findings. However, a definitive diagnosis was achieved through histopathological evaluation, which confirmed CSMH. Complete surgical excision ensured excellent long-term outcomes with no recurrence over six years of follow-up. The report highlights the limited literature outcomes on CSMHs in atypical locations and underscores the importance of histopathological confirmation for accurate diagnosis and management.

The current study demonstrates a dual and wideband mmWave 4 × 4 port MIMO antenna for 5G and beyond applications. The proposed antenna is derived from a traditional inset-fed rectangular geometry, modified with multiple curved edges on the top plane to produce a large effective aperture and enable significant surface current distribution. Partial ground planes are connected using 45° tilted conducting strips to form a common ground, which enhances surface current distribution and balances power through each port. The antenna exhibits wide bandwidths of 2.3–6.5 GHz at resonant frequencies of 28–38 GHz, respectively. Moreover, the suggested antenna yields more than 21 dB isolation, 8.3 dB peak gain, 92% radiation efficiency, 89% multiplexing efficiency, an ECC of 0.00007, and a channel capacity of 21 bit/s/Hz. To validate the antenna design, the prototype was fabricated on a Rogers RT/Duroid 5880™ substrate, tested, and compared with simulated results, showing good agreement.

PurposeThis study aims to analyze how risk tolerance is influenced by bull and bear market phases, age and professional work experience (PWE) of investors in emerging economies. The authors also analyze how different market phases (bull and bear) influence risk tolerance of investors in emerging economies for different age groups and with varying PWE.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses two quantitative methods, one-way ANOVA and hierarchical regression model (HLM) to analyze individual investors' financial risk tolerance (FRT) in India.FindingsThe authors find that age and PWE have positive relationship with FRT behavior. However, interactions of these variables with market phase variable indicate that risk tolerance has nonlinear increasing relationship with investor's age and PWE. The risk tolerance of older investors is consistently high in both bull and bear market conditions, while young investors display a nonlinear risk behavior in different market conditions.Practical implicationsThe study suggests that financial planners should include a longitudinal risk profiling of investors based on age groups, PWE and the current market phase to better understand investors' FRT and also to prefer more context-specific advice to investors in emerging economies, which, consequently, result in increasing the retail investors' interest in otherwise sparsely participated equity market.Originality/valueInteraction effect of bull and bear market phases on relationship between age and PWE and FRT has been scantly studied.

In this article an 8-port annular ring-shaped MIMO antenna for 5G and 5G advanced applications is presented. An annular ring on the radiating plane and novel isolator structure on the ground plane are etched over a Rogers RT/Duorid (5870 tm) substrate to achieve high performance antenna for mm wave applications. A systematic study is performed, and an optimized single port antenna (Design-4) is selected among Designs (1-4). The intended 8-port MIMO antenna resonates at 36.4 GHz and exhibits 6.1 GHz (34.2-40.3 GHz) wide bandwidth and 40 dB high isolation level. The proposed antenna covers a complete band of 5G NR-n260 which supports time division duplexing (TDD) mode. Moreover, a unique design of suggested antenna attains a high-level gain of 8.3 dB at 39 GHz and more than 85.2 % radiation efficiency. MIMO characteristics such as ECC, TARC, MEG and CCL are studied and found them in acceptable limit. Additionally, an approach toward massive antenna with 16-port for mmWave applications is also demonstrated. The proposed 16-port massive antenna with more than 22 dB isolation exhibits two bands: first band in 30-33 GHz for ports P9-P16 and second band in 33.5-40.9 GHz for ports P1-P8. A prototype of suggested 8-port antenna is fabricated, tested and validated and found it in close agreement of simulated results.

In this article, a dual-layered ultra-wideband hexagonal-shaped patch antenna with an EBG structure is presented for IEEE C, X, Ku and K band applications. Parametric analysis of slots, notches, substrate height, substrate stacking, and EBG structures demonstrates the intermediate and finally optimized results. The proposed antenna (A 9 ) is considered for desired specifications after a systematic investigation of ten different antennas (A 0 –A 9 ). Experimental ultra-wideband (5.1–19.7 GHz) with an impedance bandwidth (S 11  <  − 10 dB) of 117.7% and 5.7dBi peak gain is observed for the proposed antenna. A constant group delay in the entire frequency range with a maximum group delay of 0.85 ns at resonating peaks is observed.

Diabetic foot complications are the most common occurring problems throughout the globe, resulting in devastating economic crises for the patients, families and society. Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) have a neuropathic origin with a progressive prevalence rate in developing countries compared with developed countries among diabetes mellitus patients. Diabetic patients that are of greatest risk of ulcers may easily be diagnosed with foot examination. Economic burden may be carefully examined. The budget costing must include both the clinical and social impact of the patients.

Low-cost sensors offer an attractive solution to the challenge of establishing affordable and dense spatio-temporal air quality monitoring networks with greater mobility and lower maintenance costs. These low-cost sensors offer reasonably consistent measurements but require in-field calibration to improve agreement with regulatory instruments. In this paper, we report the results of a deployment and calibration study on a network of six air quality monitoring devices built using the Alphasense O3 (OX-B431) and NO2 (NO2-B43F) electrochemical gas sensors. The sensors were deployed in two phases over a period of 3 months at sites situated within two megacities with diverse geographical, meteorological and air quality parameters. A unique feature of our deployment is a swap-out experiment wherein three of these sensors were relocated to different sites in the two phases. This gives us a unique opportunity to study the effect of seasonal, as well as geographical, variations on calibration performance. We report an extensive study of more than a dozen parametric and non-parametric calibration algorithms. We propose a novel local non-parametric calibration algorithm based on metric learning that offers, across deployment sites and phases, an R2 coefficient of up to 0.923 with respect to reference values for O3 calibration and up to 0.819 for NO2 calibration. This represents a 4–20 percentage point increase in terms of R2 values offered by classical non-parametric methods. We also offer a critical analysis of the effect of various data preparation and model design choices on calibration performance. The key recommendations emerging out of this study include (1) incorporating ambient relative humidity and temperature into calibration models; (2) assessing the relative importance of various features with respect to the calibration task at hand, by using an appropriate feature-weighing or metric-learning technique; (3) using local calibration techniques such as k nearest neighbors (KNN); (4) performing temporal smoothing over raw time series data but being careful not to do so too aggressively; and (5) making all efforts to ensure that data with enough diversity are demonstrated in the calibration algorithm while training to ensure good generalization. These results offer insights into the strengths and limitations of these sensors and offer an encouraging opportunity to use them to supplement and densify compliance regulatory monitoring networks.

This study aims to identify the most effective pretreatment method for minimizing membrane fouling in the treatment of complex tannery wastewater. Three approaches were evaluated: coagulation with ferric chloride (FeCl 2 ), Fenton-coagulation using FeCl₃ and hydrogen peroxide, and electrocoagulation with iron electrodes. The study examines key contaminant removal metrics, including Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Chromium, and Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), followed by advanced parameters such as SUVA, Zeta potential, UV 254 , and Modified Fouling Index (MFI) to assess fouling potential. Results reveal that the electrocoagulation process significantly outperforms the other pretreatment methods in mitigating membrane fouling, with an MFI value, 1660 times lower than coagulation and 370 times lower than Fenton-coagulation. These findings demonstrate that the pretreatment processes improve effluent quality and significantly reduce the potential for membrane fouling. This study contributes to optimizing membrane-based treatment systems for industrial wastewater, offering scalable solutions for sustainable water reclamation in diverse applications. Graphical abstract