Explore the vast range of titles available.

The legend of Figure 6: “(A) Patient sampling by using paper points, (B) Culturing of the periodontal pathogen, (C) Biochemical test for identification of isolated cultures, (D) Gram-staining procedure for identification of the pathogen, (E) Microscopical images of obtained cultures under the light microscope of A. actinomocytemcomitans, P. gingivilis, FB spp., and P. intermedia.” now reads: “Graphical representation of release kinetic models (A) Zero-order, (B) First-order, (C) Higuchi model, and (D) Korsmeyer-Peppas model.” The legend of Figure 7: “Plate counting assay and antibacterial screening of Novel herbal Nanofiber Scaffolds (A) Plate counting assay result for isolated pathogens, (B) Anti-bacterial screening against isolated pathogens AA, PG, FB, and PI, Effects of Novel herbal Nanofiber Scaffolds on isolated bacterial cell viability (C), Isolated bacterial cell Zone of inhibition at different time (D).” now reads: “(A) Patient sampling by using paper points, (B) Culturing of the periodontal pathogen, (C) Biochemical test for identification of isolated cultures, (D) Gram-staining procedure for identification of the pathogen, (E) Microscopical images of obtained cultures under the light microscope of A. actinomocytemcomitans, P. gingivilis, FB spp., and P. intermedia.” [...]the legend of Figure 10: “(A) Diagram of electrospinning nanofiber generation, (B) 21-G blunted stainless-steel needle and 10 ml plastic syringe.” now reads: “(A) A bar graph illustrating the percentage cell viability of treated nanofiber at 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours. * marks indicate a statistically significant difference (p > 0.05).

Design and evaluation of PCL and gelatin loaded nanofiber containing herbal formulation named Ashvakatri in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. The electro-spinning method was used to create the composite nano-fibers containing herbal formulation, which were then evaluated for various parameters including in-vitro antimicrobial study and in-vitro drug release. An interconnected, continuous and bead free nanofiber with an average diameter of 150–250 nm was exhibited by the optimized nanofiber. The addition of gelatin and PCL to the optimized nanofiber improved its biocompatibility and bioadhesive characteristics. According to anti-microbial investigation and CLSM study indicated the remarkable inhibition of periodontal pathogens such as Aggregabacter actinomycetemcomitans (AI), Porphyromonas Gingivilis (PG), Fusobacterium spp (FB), and Porphyromonas intermedia (PI) respectively by optimized nanofiber and in-vitro drug release study also demonstrated the controlled release of composite nanofiber for over 220 h. Additionally, the MTT assay and in-vitro scratch assay indicated the composite NF had no cytotoxicity to the fibroblast cell line. The fabricated NF is a potential option for chronic periodontitis treatment since it expedited anti-bacterial, cytotoxic and sustained release medications.

This study was designed as a clinical trial to evaluate and compare the regenerative potential of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and blood clot in immature necrotic permanent teeth with or without associated apical periodontitis. Access preparation was done under rubber dam isolation. Copious irrigation was done with 2.5% NaOCl and triple antibiotic paste was placed as an intracanal medicament. After 4 weeks, the cases were divided into four groups with five patients in each group. The study design had three test arms and one control arm. Group I in which mineral trioxide aggregate apexification was carried out and it was kept as control group to evaluate the regenerative potential of blood clot and platelet concentrates, Group II in which blood clot was used as scaffold in the canal, Group III in PRF was used as scaffold, and Group IV in which PRP carried on collagen was used as a scaffold. The clinical and radiographic evaluation after 6 and 18 months was done by two independent observers who were blinded from the groups. The scoring was done as: None score was denoted by, Fair by 1, Good by 2, and Excellent by 3. The data were then analyzed statistically by Fisher's exact test using Statistics and Data 11.1(PRP Using harvest Smart PReP2) which showed statistically significant values in Group III as compared to other Groups. PRF has huge potential to accelerate the growth characteristics in immature necrotic permanent teeth as compared to PRP and blood clot.

Traumatic dental injuries can affect the dental hard tissues, pulp, periodontium, alveolar bone, or gingiva, resulting in long‐term complications such as pulp canal obliteration and the cessation of root development. Such complications often defy conventional endodontic approaches. Maxillary central incisors are the most commonly affected teeth in cases of dental trauma. This report details a patient presenting with a primary complaint of pain in the upper front tooth region, accompanied by a history of dental trauma caused by a childhood fall onto the ground, though he could not recall specific details. Radiographic imaging revealed a calcified canal in the upper right central incisor (Tooth 11) and an immature apex in the upper left central incisor (Tooth 21). To manage the calcified canal, a 3D‐printed static guide was employed, minimizing the risk of iatrogenic errors often associated with traditional endodontic techniques. In Tooth 21, a biocompatible amniotic membrane plug was used as an apical matrix and biological scaffold during a modified apexification procedure aimed at enhancing apical healing and tissue response while preventing mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) extrusion through the immature apex. Although classical regeneration was not achieved, the biologically active scaffold was intended to support healing and maturation of the apical tissues. The combination of appropriate techniques and biocompatible materials resulted in a favorable prognosis, confirmed over a follow‐up period of 1 year.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the possibility of regaining pulp sensibility and objectives of regeneration procedure in mature necrotic teeth using regenerative endodontics. Materials and Methods: A total of 36 mature necrotic teeth were selected and a regenerative endodontic procedure was performed. A total of four groups, each involving n = 9 teeth per group were randomly grouped as (1) periapical bleeding, (2) platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), (3) collagen, and (4) hydroxyapatite. Pulp testing and radiographic assessment of periapical healing (PH) were recorded at every 3-month interval for 1 year. Readings were compared as qualitative data using the Kruskal-Wallis test to see the inter-group significant difference. Results: Readings of pulp sensibility revealed non-significant results in all intervals. At 3 and 6 months, 22.3% in the PRF group and 11.15% in collagen group; and at 9 months, 44.4% in PRF group, 33.3% in the collagen group and 22.2% in hydroxyapatite group; and at 12-months, 66.6% in PRF, 44.4% in the collagen group, 33.3% in the hydroxyapatite group and 11.1% in the periapical bleeding group showed a positive response to the cold test. But all groups did not show a positive response to heat and electric pulp testing and showed good PH in all groups at the end of 12 months. Conclusions: The presence of sensibility to cold test is indicative of the formation of vital pulp-like tissues, which was the highest in the PRF group, followed by the collagen, hydroxyapatite and periapical bleeding groups.

Background: Reactive oxygen species released on stimulation by periodontal pathogens cause oxidation of biomolecules and play significant role in periodontal disease pathogenesis. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the levels of oxidative by-products malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as biomarkers in chronic periodontitis patients compared to healthy as well as before and after nonsurgical periodontal therapy. The correlation between biomarkers and clinical attachment level was also evaluated. Settings and Design: A total of 112 subjects were included in this study. The subjects were divided into two groups (Group I included 56 healthy subjects and Group II constituted 56 chronic periodontitis patients) on the basis of clinical periodontal parameters. Materials and Methods: Group I subjects received no treatment and were evaluated once only for clinical and oxidative stress biomarker parameters. Nonsurgical periodontal therapy was carried out in Group II patients and they were evaluated at baseline and 3 months after therapy. Results: Both salivary and serum levels of MDA and 8-OHdG were found to be increased in chronic periodontitis patients as compared to healthy subjects. After nonsurgical periodontal therapy, the levels of MDA and 8-OHdG significantly reduced. Linear correlation between clinical attachment level and oxidative stress parameters was found to be positive and highly significant. Conclusion: It can be concluded that periodontal therapy is effective in improving the oxidative stress condition.

Comprehensive understanding of variations in the root canal morphology of a maxillary molar is useful for performing successful endodontic treatment in such cases. This case report describes endodontic management of a case with such aberrant root canal morphology of a maxillary second molar having a single root and single canal.

The periodontal diseases are the most prevalent oral diseases worldwide especially in developing countries like India. The objective of this cross-sectional survey was to determine the prevalence of periodontal diseases and treatment needs (TNs) in a hospital-based population. Totally, 500 men and women (15-74 years) were recruited and periodontal status of each study subject and sextant was evaluated on the basis of community periodontal index of TNs, and thereafter TN for each subject and sextant was categorized on the basis of the highest code recorded during the examination. A total of 500 subjects (59% males and 41% females) was divided into seven age groups, that is, 15-19, 20-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, and 65-74 years and sextants were included from the 486 subjects. Healthy periodontium, bleeding on probing, calculus, shallow pockets, and deep pockets were found in 3.9%, 6.58%, 50.61%, 20.98%, and 17.90% subjects, respectively. Males were more affected with shallow and deep pockets as compared to females. Periodontal diseases in the early stages were more prevalent in the younger age groups, whereas advanced stages were more prevalent in older age groups. 17.90% subjects and 11.48% sextants need complex treatment. About 77.98% subjects and 73.15% sextants require either oral hygiene instructions or oral hygiene instructions and oral prophylaxis. Only 3.9% subjects and 15.36% sextants were healthy and needed no treatment. Periodontal diseases were found to be 96.30% in the study population and the results indicate that majority of the population need primary and secondary level of preventive program to reduce the chances of initiation or progression of periodontal diseases thereby improving their systemic health overall.

Introduction: The relationship of tobacco use to dental caries is still unclear. The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between smoking and smokeless tobacco usage and prevalence of dental caries and its pattern in the Varanasi population. Materials and Methods: In this study, 472 elderly dentate and consenting individuals were included. Individuals were examined with the aid of mouth mirror, No. 23 explorer, and cotton rolls. The age of the study group ranged from 16 years to 75 years. Individuals were categorized as smoking tobacco users, smokeless tobacco users, and the combination of these two. Frequency and dosage of tobacco usage was recorded. Dental caries was measured using decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index. Oral hygiene practices such as mode, material, and frequency of brushing were also recorded. Data were assessed using SPSS 17.0 using Chi-square, t-test, ANOVA test, and binary regression. Results: Caries rate was similar in both males and females (2.57 and 2.70), and the difference was not statistically significant. Caries was higher in individuals with habits when compared to those who were not having habits. There was no statistically significant association between individuals who were smokers, using smokeless tobacco, frequency, mode, and material of brushing with caries pattern. Among smokers, DMFT increased with frequency and duration of smoking, and it was statistically significant; however, in smokeless tobacco users, this was not the case. There was a positive correlation with DMFT and frequency of smoking. Conclusion: The study has shown that tobacco habit is a risk factor for increased caries activity, and it is higher in smokers as compared to smokeless tobacco chewers.

Contemporary studies have shown that the regeneration of tissues and root elongation is possible in necrotic immature permanent teeth. The purpose of this case report is to add a new vista in regenerative endodontic therapy by using platelet rich fibrin for revitalization of immature non vital tooth. An 11year old boy with the history of trauma was diagnosed with the pulpal necrosis and symptomatic apical periodontitis in tooth #21. Intra oral periapical radiograph showed open apex and associated immature supernumerary tooth with respect to tooth #21. Access preparation and minimal instrumentation was done to remove necrotic debris under copious irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Triple antibiotic paste was packed in the canal for four weeks. During second visit, 5 mL of whole blood was drawn from the medial cubital vein of the patient and blood was then subjected to centrifugation at 2400 rpm for 12 minutes for the preparation of Platelet rich fibrin (PRF) utilizing Choukroun′s method. Triple antibiotic paste was removed and canal was dried. PRF clot was pushed to the apical region of tooth #21 using hand pluggers. Three milimetres of Mineral trioxide (MTA) was placed in cervical part of the root canal and permanent restoration was done three days later. Clinical examination at 6 and 12 months revealed no sensitivity to percussion and palpation in tooth #21and it responded positively to both electric pulp and cold tests. Radiographic examination showed resolution of periapical rarefaction, further root development and apical closure of the tooth #21 and its associated supernumerary tooth. On the basis of successful outcome of the present case it can be stated that PRF clot may serve as a scaffold for regeneration of necrotic immature teeth.