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Glyphosate (Gly) is a widely used herbicide for weed control in agriculture, but it can also adversely affect crops by impairing growth, reducing yield, and disrupting nutrient uptake, while inducing toxicity. Therefore, adopting integrated eco-friendly approaches and understanding the mechanisms of glyphosate tolerance in plants is crucial, as these areas remain underexplored. This study provides proteome insights into Si-mediated improvement of Gly-toxicity tolerance in Brassica napus . The proteome analysis identified a total of 4,407 proteins, of which 594 were differentially abundant, including 208 up-regulated and 386 down-regulated proteins. These proteins are associated with diverse biological processes in B. napus , including energy metabolism, antioxidant activity, signal transduction, photosynthesis, sulfur assimilation, cell wall functions, herbicide tolerance, and plant development. Protein-protein interactome analyses confirmed the involvement of six key proteins, including L-ascorbate peroxidase , superoxide dismutase , glutaredoxin-C2 , peroxidase , glutathione peroxidase (GPX) 2, and peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase A3 which involved in antioxidant activity, sulfur assimilation, and herbicide tolerance, contributing to the resilience of B. napus against Gly toxicity. The proteomics insights into Si-mediated Gly-toxicity mitigation is an eco-friendly approach, and alteration of key molecular processes opens a new perspective of multi-omics-assisted B. napus breeding for enhancing herbicide resistant oilseed crop production.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic substance that is uptake by plants from soils, Cd easily transfers into the food chain. Considering global food security, eco-friendly, cost-effective, and metal detoxification strategies are highly demandable for sustainable food crop production. The purpose of this study was to investigate how citric acid (CA) alleviates or tolerates Cd toxicity in Brassica using a proteome approach. In this study, the global proteome level was significantly altered under Cd toxicity with or without CA supplementation in Brassica . A total of 4947 proteins were identified using the gel-free proteome approach. Out of these, 476 proteins showed differential abundance between the treatment groups, wherein 316 were upregulated and 160 were downregulated. The gene ontology analysis reveals that differentially abundant proteins were involved in different biological processes including energy and carbohydrate metabolism, CO 2 assimilation and photosynthesis, signal transduction and protein metabolism, antioxidant defense, heavy metal detoxification, plant development, and cytoskeleton and cell wall structure in Brassica leaves. Interestingly, several candidate proteins such as superoxide dismutase (A0A078GZ68) l -ascorbate peroxidase 3 (A0A078HSG4), glutamine synthetase (A0A078HLB2), glutathione S -transferase DHAR1 (A0A078HPN8), glutamine synthetase (A0A078HLB2), cysteine synthase (A0A078GAD3), S -adenosylmethionine synthase 2 (A0A078JDL6), and thiosulfate/3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase 2 (A0A078H905) were involved in antioxidant defense system and sulfur assimilation-involving Cd-detoxification process in Brassica . These findings provide new proteome insights into CA-mediated Cd-toxicity alleviation in Brassica , which might be useful to oilseed crop breeders for enhancing heavy metal tolerance in Brassica using the breeding program, with sustainable and smart Brassica production in a metal-toxic environment.