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We encountered a case of Graves’ disease in a pediatric patient who presented with thyroid storm (TS), the onset of which was triggered by rotavirus infection. Rotavirus is commonly associated with severe watery diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration—particularly in infants and young children. In more severe cases, it can also lead to altered consciousness and seizures. These symptoms can resemble those of TS, even in the absence of pre‐existing hyperthyroidism. In cases of hyperthyroidism, these symptoms confirm the criteria for TS. Therefore, it is possible that some cases of TS are triggered and caused by gastrointestinal conditions such as rotavirus infection. Our case highlights the need for further investigation into the potential triggering pathogens in patients with TS to better clarify details regarding the patient’s status or disease pathogenesis.

Group A streptococcal infections in children typically present as pharyngitis but can manifest as skin infections. In infants, streptococcal skin infections can be difficult to differentiate from other skin conditions such as seborrheic or atopic dermatitis. Additionally, if another family member has a streptococcal infection or is a carrier, treating only the patient may lead to recurrence. Here, we report a case of recurrent streptococcal skin infection in a one-month-old infant with dry skin. The patient's five-year-old brother had minor nasal symptoms, and a throat swab tested positive for , identifying him as the source. The infant and his brother were both treated with antibiotics, and their conditions resolved, with no further recurrence. This case illustrates the importance of screening and treating family members in infants with streptococcal skin infections.

The incidence of human diphyllobothriasis is expected to rise amidst the current global popularity of Japanese cuisine, such as sushi, which contains raw fish. We report a case of a 10-year-old boy with a diphyllobothriasis infection acquired via sushi consumption. The patient was otherwise healthy, exhibited no symptoms, and was successfully treated with a single dose of 10 mg/kg praziquantel. In Japan, this parasite is known as \"Sanada-mushi\" because it resembles a Sanada cord. Prompt recognition of this parasite by evoking the Sanada cord's appearance may facilitate early diagnosis and treatment and increase public awareness to prevent diphyllobothriasis.

An umbilical hernia (UH) is a common condition in early childhood; it is defined as the protrusion of abdominal viscera through a defect in the umbilical ring. Since most UHs close spontaneously, almost no active treatment has been performed. Adhesive strapping (AS) for early UH closure is an easy-to-perform and relatively safe treatment. However, it can present rare but serious complications. Herein, we report a case of a three-month-old infant with incarcerated UH during AS therapy. AS treatment for UH, which has been reported mainly in Japan, has shown excellent results in observational studies and could be widely applied globally. However, our case demonstrated the presence of a noteworthy complication; incarcerated UH, in addition to skin complications, such as cellulitis and skin ulcer-related perforation, was associated with AS. To minimize the occurrence of these complications associated with AS treatment for UH, it is crucial to adequately explain and guide the family members regarding the proper management of AS and seeking medical care promptly when abnormalities occur during AS.

( ) infections typically affect the respiratory system but can also present with extrapulmonary manifestations, including gastrointestinal involvement. We report the case of a four-year-old boy who presented with abdominal pain and fever, with minimal respiratory symptoms throughout the course of his illness. Despite initial treatment with clarithromycin, his symptoms persisted, and the chest radiographic findings showed worsening pneumonia. Imaging revealed small bowel fluid retention and impaired intestinal motility, suggesting gastrointestinal involvement likely mediated by immune mechanisms. Laboratory findings included elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and mild liver dysfunction, consistent with systemic inflammation. The patient was treated with tosufloxacin and corticosteroids, which led to clinical improvement and symptom resolution. This case highlights the diagnostic challenge posed by atypical presentations of infection, particularly in young children with minimal respiratory symptoms. Intestinal involvement, although rare, should be considered a potential extrapulmonary manifestation. Elevated LDH levels and poor response to macrolide therapy can indicate refractory or macrolide-resistant cases, necessitating alternative treatments such as corticosteroids and fluoroquinolones. Clinicians should be aware of these atypical presentations to ensure early diagnosis and tailored therapy, improving outcomes in pediatric patients with unusual manifestations of infections.

The definitive diagnosis of aseptic meningitis is made by analyzing the cerebrospinal fluid, which requires lumbar puncture (an invasive procedure) that is usually not performed if the patient has mild symptoms. [...]symptomatic management is the mainstay of therapy in aseptic meningitis. [...]it can be concluded that the incidence of mumps vaccine-related meningitis in Japan may be much higher than the frequency currently reported. The funding source had no role in study design, or in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, in the writing of the report, or in the decision to submit the article for publication.

We encountered an 11‐day‐old male neonate with vitamin K deficiency‐induced intracranial hemorrhage, despite receiving oral vitamin K2 (menaquinone‐4) prophylaxis according to Japanese guidelines. This case suggests that the current vitamin K deficiency‐bleeding prophylaxis programs cannot prevent bleeding completely. Better prophylaxis programs using both intramuscular and oral administration should be considered. The current vitamin K deficiency‐bleeding prophylaxis programs cannot prevent bleeding shortly after birth. We should establish an optimal global standard of prophylaxis using both intramuscular and oral administration of vitamin K promptly.

Non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS), a remarkable ensemble of changes in serum thyroid hormone concentration during acute illness, was first reported in the 1970s. While NTIS is not a form of hypothyroidism, it is characterized by a decrease in serum triiodothyronine (T3) or thyroxine (T4) or both with normal or decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Notably, it typically resolves without thyroid hormone replacement therapy. We report a case of paralytic ileus caused by NTIS in an infant with psychological stress. This case illustrates the development of NTIS during psychological stress, which can lead to severe symptoms such as those seen in pathological hypothyroidism.

Acute pyelonephritis is the leading cause of bacterial infection among children. It can be difficult to diagnose early in the disease course owing to non-specific symptoms and physical findings. Recently, some cases of pediatric acute pyelonephritis with mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (MERS) have been reported. We describe a case of a six-year-old boy who presented with a high fever and four episodes of cluster convulsions. Despite the absence of leukocyturia and hypo-inflammatory response in the blood, he was diagnosed with acute pyelonephritis by contrast-enhanced computed tomography seven days after onset. The convulsions were not simple febrile convulsions and suggested central nervous system (CNS) lesions, as the patient was older than the usual cut-off age of five years for febrile seizures. This case highlights an unusual presentation and clinical course of a case of pediatric acute pyelonephritis characterized by cluster convulsions and a poor inflammatory response. Furthermore, we strongly consider that the cause of the cluster convulsions may be related to MERS spectrum disorder and emphasize that pyelonephritis can be accompanied by CNS disturbances.

Children who complain of dizziness tend to be overlooked,5 perhaps partly because they have difficulty describing it, and because vaguely defined \"dizziness\" has many possible causes. [...] children with Ménière's disease often present with vomiting-which can easily be misdiagnosed as cyclic vomiting or migraine (including abdominal migraine).