Explore the vast range of titles available.

Too low a concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) in a river can disrupt the ecological balance, while too high a concentration may lead to eutrophication of the water body and threaten the health of the aquatic environment. Therefore, accurate prediction of DO concentration is crucial for water resource protection. In this study, a hybrid machine learning model for river DO prediction, called DWT-KPCA-GWO-XGBoost, is proposed, which combines the discrete wavelet transform (DWT), kernel principal component analysis (KPCA), gray wolf optimization algorithm (GWO), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). Firstly, DWT-db4 was used to denoise the noisy water quality feature data; secondly, the meteorological data were simplified into four principal components by KPCA; finally, the water quality features and meteorological principal components were inputted into the GWO-optimized XGBoost model as features for training and prediction. The prediction performance of the model was comprehensively assessed by comparison with other machine learning models using MAE, MSE, MAPE, NSE, KGE and WI evaluation metrics. The model was tested at three different locations and the results showed that the model outperformed the other models, performing as follows: 0.5925, 0.6482, 6.3322, 0.8523, 0.8902, 0.9403; 0.4933, 0.4325, 6.2351, 0.8952, 0.7928, 0.8632; 0.2912, 0.2001, 4.0523, 0.7823, 0.8425, 0.8463 and the PICP values exceed 95%. The hybrid model demonstrated significant results in predicting dissolved oxygen concentrations for the next 15 days. Compared with other studies, we innovatively improved the prediction accuracy of the model significantly through noise removal and the introduction of multi-source features.

Summary Submergence limits plants' access to oxygen and light, causing massive changes in metabolism; after submergence, plants experience additional stresses, including reoxygenation, dehydration, photoinhibition and accelerated senescence. Plant responses to waterlogging and partial or complete submergence have been well studied, but our understanding of plant responses during post‐submergence recovery remains limited. During post‐submergence recovery, whether a plant can repair the damage caused by submergence and reoxygenation and re‐activate key processes to continue to grow, determines whether the plant survives. Here, we summarize the challenges plants face when recovering from submergence, primarily focusing on studies of Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa). We also highlight recent progress in elucidating the interplay among various regulatory pathways, compare post‐hypoxia reoxygenation between plants and animals and provide new perspectives for future studies.

Bioaccumulation of arsenic (As) in rice ( ) increases human exposure to this toxic, carcinogenic element. Recent studies identified several As transporters, but the regulation of these transporters remains unclear. Here, we show that the rice R2R3 MYB transcription factor OsARM1 (ARSENITE-RESPONSIVE MYB1) regulates As-associated transporters genes. Treatment with As(III) induced transcript accumulation and an OsARM1-GFP fusion localized to the nucleus. Histochemical analysis of lines indicated that was expressed in the phloem of vascular bundles in basal and upper nodes. Knockout of ( CRISPR/Cas9-generated mutants) improved tolerance to As(III) and overexpression of ( lines) increased sensitivity to As(III). Measurement of As in As(III)-treated plants showed that under low As(III) conditions (2 μM), more As was transported from the roots to the shoots in . By contrast, more As accumulated in the roots in in response to high As(III) exposure (25 μM). In particular, the As(III) levels in node I were significantly higher in , but significantly lower in , compared to wild-type plants, implying that OsARM1 is important for the regulation of root-to-shoot translocation of As. Moreover, , and , which encode key As transporters, were significantly downregulated in and upregulated in compared to wild type. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR of indicated that OsARM1 binds to the conserved MYB-binding sites in the promoters or genomic regions of , and in rice. Our findings suggest that the OsARM1 transcription factor has essential functions in regulating As uptake and root-to-shoot translocation in rice.

The NLRP3 inflammasome is a core component of innate immunity, and dysregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome involves developing autoimmune, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases. Potassium efflux has been reported to be essential for NLRP3 inflammasome activation by structurally diverse pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Thus, the molecular mechanisms underlying potassium efflux to activate NLRP3 inflammasome are under extensive investigation. Here, we review current knowledge about the distinction channels or pore-forming proteins underlying potassium efflux for NLRP3 inflammasome activation with canonical/non-canonical signaling or following caspase-8 induced pyroptosis. Ion channels and pore-forming proteins, including P2X7 receptor, Gasdermin D, pannexin-1, and K2P channels involved present viable therapeutic targets for NLRP3 inflammasome related diseases.

Key Points Alternative splicing is a crucial mechanism for gene regulation and for generating proteomic diversity, which allows individual genes to generate multiple mature mRNA isoforms that can be translated into functionally different proteins. Alternative splicing can be regulated at different stages of spliceosome assembly and by different mechanisms. Splice site recognition of alternative exons is frequently regulated by cooperative interactions between factors such as SR (Ser–Arg) proteins and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (hnRNPs), which have lower affinities and sequence specificities. Splice site selection is also influenced by the secondary structure of mRNAs. Two models have been proposed to explain the role of RNA polymerase II in alternative splicing regulation: a recruitment model and a kinetic model, and the two models are not mutually exclusive. Alternative splicing, including tissue-specific alternative splicing, is an extremely common regulatory mechanism. However, the number of known sequence-specific alternative splicing factors (<50) is much smaller than that of sequence-specific transcription factors (∼2,500). Although more specific splicing factors will undoubtedly be discovered, this disparity suggests important differences in the pathways regulating transcription and splicing. Core spliceosomal proteins can also regulate tissue-specific alternative splicing. This may reflect differential sensitivity of alternative exons to these factors and/or differential accumulation of the factors in different tissues. Post-translational modifications of splicing factors enable cells to switch between alternative splicing isoforms rapidly after environmental stimuli. Phosphorylation can change the intracellular localization of splicing factor, protein–protein and protein–RNA interactions and even intrinsic splicing factor activity. Alternative splicing is an important gene regulatory mechanism for generating proteomic diversity, which markedly affects human development and is misregulated in many human diseases. Alternative splicing can be regulated at different stages of spliceosome assembly and by different mechanisms. Alternative splicing of mRNA precursors provides an important means of genetic control and is a crucial step in the expression of most genes. Alternative splicing markedly affects human development, and its misregulation underlies many human diseases. Although the mechanisms of alternative splicing have been studied extensively, until the past few years we had not begun to realize fully the diversity and complexity of alternative splicing regulation by an intricate protein–RNA network. Great progress has been made by studying individual transcripts and through genome-wide approaches, which together provide a better picture of the mechanistic regulation of alternative pre-mRNA splicing.

Proteogenomics can further improve draft plant genomes, correct gene annotation, discover new translation initial sites, ORFs, and alternative splicing, and verify novel genes of the peptide/protein level as well as provide comprehensive information for the study of gene expression patterns.Single-cell proteogenomics will refine annotations at the single-cell level to present the state of cells in a more refined way, effectively better reflecting the heterogeneity of different cell groups. Spatial proteogenomics is also of great value because of its multidimensional data integration. High-resolution spatial single-cell proteogenomics will thereby pave the way for considerable future research avenues in plants.Based on proteogenomics technology, multi-omics integrations will allow the exploration of different life activity-changing patterns of plants across many aspects, including metabolism, immunity, and signal transduction as well as developing the utilization of plants and their natural products. Proteogenomics (PG) integrates the proteome with the genome and transcriptome to refine gene models and annotation. Coupled with single-cell (SC) assays, PG effectively distinguishes heterogeneity among cell groups. Affiliating spatial information to PG reveals the high-resolution circuitry within SC atlases. Additionally, PG can investigate dynamic changes in protein-coding genes in plants across growth and development as well as stress and external stimulation, significantly contributing to the functional genome. Here we summarize existing PG research in plants and introduce the technical features of various methods. Combining PG with other omics, such as metabolomics and peptidomics, can offer even deeper insights into gene functions. We argue that the application of PG will represent an important font of foundational knowledge for plants.

Abnormal activation of synovial fibroblasts (SFs) plays an important role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the mechanism of which remains unknown. The purpose of our study is to comprehensively and systematically explore the mechanism for Semaphorin 5A-mediated abnormal SF activation in RA. Here, we found that Semaphorin 5A levels were significantly higher in synovial fluid and synovial tissue from RA patients compared with osteoarthritis patients. We further found that the mRNA level and protein abundance of Plexin-A1 was elevated in RA SFs compared with OA SFs, while Plexin-B3 expression showed no significant difference. The increased Semaphorin 5A in RA synovial fluid was mainly derived from CD68 + synovial macrophages, and the elevation led to increased binding between Semaphorin 5A and its receptors, thereby promoting cytokine secretion, proliferation, and migration, and decreasing apoptosis. Moreover, the effect of Semaphorin 5A on enhancing activation (cytokine secretion, cell proliferation and migration) and reducing apoptosis of SFs was significantly abolished after knockdown of Plexin-A1 and Plexin-B3 by small interfering RNA. Transcriptome sequencing and protein array detection revealed that Semaphorin 5A activated the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and inhibited ferroptosis. Morphologically, transmission electron microscopy results showed that Semaphorin 5A could significantly eliminate the mitochondrial diminution, membrane density increased and crest ruptured of SFs induced by ferroptosis inducer RSL3. Mechanistically, Semaphorin 5A enhanced GPX4 expression and SREBP1/SCD-1 signaling by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, thus suppressing ferroptosis of RA SFs. In conclusion, our study provided the first evidence that elevated Semaphorin 5A in RA synovial fluid promotes SF activation by suppressing ferroptosis through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

Osmanthus fragrans (scientific name: Osmanthus fragrans (Thunb.) Lour.) is a species of the Osmanthus genus in the family Oleaceae, and it has a long history of cultivation in China. O. fragrans is edible and is well known for conferring a natural fragrance to desserts. This flowering plant has long been cultivated for ornamental purposes. Most contemporary literature related to O. fragrans focuses on its edible value and new species discovery, but the functional use of O. fragrans is often neglected. O, fragrans has many properties that are beneficial to human health, and its roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits have medicinal value. These characteristics are recorded in the classics of traditional Chinese medicine. Studies on the metabolites and medicinal value of O. fragrans published in recent years were used in this study to evaluate the medicinal value of O. fragrans . Using keywords such as metabolites and Osmanthus fragrans , a systematic and nonexhaustive search of articles, papers and books related to the medicinal use of Osmanthus fragrans metabolites was conducted. Fifteen metabolites were identified through this literature search and classified into three categories according to their properties and structure: flavonoids, terpenes and phenolic acids. It was found that the pharmacological activities of these secondary metabolites mainly include antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities and that these metabolites can be used to treat many human diseases, such as cancer, skin diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological diseases. Most of the reports that are currently available and concern the secondary metabolites of Osmanthus fragrans have limitations. Some reports introduce only the general classification of compounds in Osmanthus fragrans , and some reports introduce only a single compound. In contrast, the introduction section of this paper includes both the category and the functional value of each compound. While reviewing the data for this study, the authors found that the specific action sites of these compounds and their mechanisms of action in plants are relatively weak, and in the future, additional research should be conducted to investigate this topic further.

A new 3D metal–organic frameworks [Cd 6 (L) 4 (bipy) 3 (H 2 O) 2· H 2 O] ( 1 ) was gained by employing Cd(II) and organic ligand [H 3 L = 4,4′,4′′-(benzene-1,3,5-triyltris(oxy))tribenzoic acid)benzene acid; bipy = 4,4′-bipyridine] in the solvothermal condition, which has been fully examined via single-X ray diffraction, FTIR and elemental analysis and so on. Using natural polysaccharides hyaluronic acid (HA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) as raw materials, we successfully prepared HA/CMCS hydrogels and observed their internal micromorphology by scanning electron microscopy. Using doxorubicin (Dox) as a drug model, we synthesized a novel metal gel particle loaded with doxorubicin, and their encapsulation and release effects were studied using fluorescence spectroscopy, followed by further investigation of their components through thermogravimetric analysis. Based on this, the therapeutic effect on leukemia was evaluated. Finally, an enhanced learning method for automatically designing new ligand structures from host ligands was proposed. Through generative modeling and molecular docking simulations, the biological behavior of the host and predicted cadmium complexes was extensively studied.

Roots are important plant organs. Lateral root (LR) initiation (LRI) and development play a central role in environmental adaptation. The mechanism of LR development has been well investigated in . When we evaluated the distribution of auxin and abscisic acid (ABA) in maize, we found that the mechanism differed from that in . The distribution of ABA and auxin within the primary roots (PRs) and LRs was independent of each other. Auxin localization was observed below the quiescent center of the root tips, while ABA localized at the top of the quiescent center. Furthermore, NaCl inhibited LRI by increasing ABA accumulation, which mainly regulates auxin distribution, while auxin biosynthesis was inhibited by ABA in . The polar localization of ZmPIN1 in maize was disrupted by NaCl and exogenous ABA. An inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis, fluridone (FLU), and the ABA biosynthesis mutant rescued the phenotype under NaCl treatment. Together, all the evidence suggested that NaCl promoted ABA accumulation in LRs and that ABA altered the polar localization of ZmPIN1, disrupted the distribution of auxin and inhibited LRI and development.