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A steady dysfunctional state caused by chronic antigen stimulation in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is known as CD8 + T cell exhaustion. Exhausted-like CD8 + T cells (CD8 + Tex) displayed decreased effector and proliferative capabilities, elevated co-inhibitory receptor generation, decreased cytotoxicity, and changes in metabolism and transcription. TME induces T cell exhaustion through long-term antigen stimulation, upregulation of immune checkpoints, recruitment of immunosuppressive cells, and secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines. CD8 + Tex may be both the reflection of cancer progression and the reason for poor cancer control. The successful outcome of the current cancer immunotherapies, which include immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive cell treatment, depends on CD8 + Tex. In this review, we are interested in the intercellular signaling network of immune cells interacting with CD8 + Tex. These findings provide a unique and detailed perspective, which is helpful in changing this completely unpopular state of hypofunction and intensifying the effect of immunotherapy.

Background Shaoyao Decoction (SYD) is a canonical herbal medicine prescription formulated by Liu Wan-Su in AD 1186. SYD has been widely used to treat inflammatory bowel disease by clearing heat and damp, removing stasis toxin in the intestine; however, the precise mechanisms and therapeutic material basis remain largely unclear. In the present study, we measured the effects of SYD on colitis symptom, epithelial barrier function, epithelial ferroptosis, colonic protein and mRNA expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) in colitis model, and determined whether SYD restored barrier loss in colitis by modulation of GPX4-regulated ferroptosis pathway. Methods Colitis was established by infusion with 1 mL 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) dissolved in ethanol (40% v/v) in rats at a 125 mg/kg dose. Ferroptosis in epithelial cells was determined by flow cytometer. GPX4 promoter-firefly luciferase fusion construct was transfected to Caco-2 cell to determine GPX4 transcription. MS analysis was used to identified ingredients in SYD. Results Different doses of SYD significantly alleviated colitis, decreased ferroptosis in epithelial cells, knockout of GPX4 significantly reversed SYD-induced alleviation effects on colitis, restoration of epithelial barrier function, and epithelial ferroptosis. Wogonoside, wogonin, palmatine, paeoniflorin and liquiritin were identified as active ingredients of SYD-exerted alleviation effects of colitis based on GPX4 agonistic transcription. Conclusion SYD alleviated chemically induced colitis by activation of GPX4, inhibition of ferroptosis in epithelial cells and further restoration of barrier function. Wogonoside, wogonin, palmatine, paeoniflorin and liquiritin were identified as the key therapeutic material basis of SYD-exerted anti-colitis effects. The findings provide a scientific basis for the therapeutic effect of SYD on colitis.

The combined pollution of heavy metals and organic pollutants in water body has become one of vital environmental issues. Herein, a series of BiVO 4 /rGO/g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposites were synthesized for concurrent removals of organic pollutant and heavy metal. Results showed that using the optimized photocatalyst BiVO 4 /rGO/g-C 3 N 4 -28, tetracycline (TC) removal of 87.3% and copper (Cu (II)) removal of 90.6% were achieved under visible-light irradiation within 3 h, respectively; much higher than those using BiVO 4 and g-C 3 N 4 . More importantly, synergistic effect of TC and Cu (II) removals occurred on the surface of BiVO 4 /rGO/g-C 3 N 4 in the TC-Cu (II) coexistence condition. Additionally, the ·OH and ·O 2 ˉ were the most important active species for TC oxidation, while photogenerated electrons were the most responsible for Cu (II) reduction. Results of various characterizations and electron spin resonance test demonstrated that BiVO 4 /rGO/g-C 3 N 4 was a Z-scheme photocatalyst. Based on the identified intermediates, possible degradation pathways and mechanisms for photocatalytic degradation of TC were proposed. This study advances the development and mechanism of photocatalysts for collaborative removal of pollutants.

The pollution caused by modernization and industrialization has caused serious harm to the biodiversity of the earth. TiO 2 -based photocatalyst has been widely studied as an effective and sustainable water environment remediation material. In this study, we analyzed the status and research trends of TiO 2 -based photocatalytic degradation of wastewater in depression from 2003 to 2023 to provide a reference for further research. “Doping”, “Modification” and “Heterojunction” were used as keywords, and 817 related academic literatures were screened out by using Web of Science database. Through the visualization software VOSviewer and CiteSpace, the authors, institutions and literature keywords were clustered. The results show that since 2008, the annual number of published papers on TiO 2 -based photocatalytic degradation of wastewater has increased from 9 to 114. Among them, China has published 432 articles and made great contributions, and there are many representative research teams. Chinese universities are the main body to study TiO 2 -based photocatalytic degradation of wastewater, but the cooperation between universities is not as close as that abroad. This paper comprehensively analyzes the research hotspots of TiO 2 -based photocatalytic degradation of wastewater, such as the doping of TiO 2 and the construction of different types of heterojunctions of TiO 2 . It is expected that these analysis results will provide new research ideas for researchers to carry out future research on related topics and let researchers know in-depth research institutions and possible collaborators to conduct academic exchanges and discussions with active institutions. Graphical Abstract

In the case of a single-phase grounding (SPG) fault in the intelligent grounding distribution system, this paper analyzes the change features of the fault lines’ and the non-fault lines’ zero-sequence admittance amplitudes and phase angles before and after the removal of the busbar grounding arc quenching device. Furthermore, the paper puts forward a new criterion for line selection for SPG faults based on the system’s and the lines’ zero-sequence admittances. Applicable to the intelligent grounding distribution system, this criterion fixes the problems of potential failure protection and poor sensitivity of existing protective methods in the case of high-resistance grounding. In addition, it is superior and exclusive for unifying the action thresholds for all lines in the system. In the simulation experiment, different transition resistances and different locations of the fault point are input to understand their impacts on the criterion and verify its effectiveness and reliability. The simulation results show that this criterion is insusceptible to the fault’s location and that the selection result will become more stable and reliable as the transition resistance rises. This criterion is highly serviceable in practical engineering.

The pollution caused by modernization and industrialization has caused serious harm to the biodiversity of the earth. TiO -based photocatalyst has been widely studied as an effective and sustainable water environment remediation material. In this study, we analyzed the status and research trends of TiO -based photocatalytic degradation of wastewater in depression from 2003 to 2023 to provide a reference for further research. \"Doping\", \"Modification\" and \"Heterojunction\" were used as keywords, and 817 related academic literatures were screened out by using Web of Science database. Through the visualization software VOSviewer and CiteSpace, the authors, institutions and literature keywords were clustered. The results show that since 2008, the annual number of published papers on TiO -based photocatalytic degradation of wastewater has increased from 9 to 114. Among them, China has published 432 articles and made great contributions, and there are many representative research teams. Chinese universities are the main body to study TiO -based photocatalytic degradation of wastewater, but the cooperation between universities is not as close as that abroad. This paper comprehensively analyzes the research hotspots of TiO -based photocatalytic degradation of wastewater, such as the doping of TiO and the construction of different types of heterojunctions of TiO . It is expected that these analysis results will provide new research ideas for researchers to carry out future research on related topics and let researchers know in-depth research institutions and possible collaborators to conduct academic exchanges and discussions with active institutions.

The combined pollution of heavy metals and organic pollutants in water body has become one of vital environmental issues. Herein, a series of BiVO /rGO/g-C N nanocomposites were synthesized for concurrent removals of organic pollutant and heavy metal. Results showed that using the optimized photocatalyst BiVO /rGO/g-C N -28, tetracycline (TC) removal of 87.3% and copper (Cu (II)) removal of 90.6% were achieved under visible-light irradiation within 3 h, respectively; much higher than those using BiVO and g-C N . More importantly, synergistic effect of TC and Cu (II) removals occurred on the surface of BiVO /rGO/g-C N in the TC-Cu (II) coexistence condition. Additionally, the ·OH and ·O - were the most important active species for TC oxidation, while photogenerated electrons were the most responsible for Cu (II) reduction. Results of various characterizations and electron spin resonance test demonstrated that BiVO /rGO/g-C N was a Z-scheme photocatalyst. Based on the identified intermediates, possible degradation pathways and mechanisms for photocatalytic degradation of TC were proposed. This study advances the development and mechanism of photocatalysts for collaborative removal of pollutants.

Resetting tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) is a promising strategy to ameliorate the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and improve innate and adaptive antitumor immunity. Here we show that chloroquine (CQ), a proven anti-malarial drug, can function as an antitumor immune modulator that switches TAMs from M2 to tumor-killing M1 phenotype. Mechanistically, CQ increases macrophage lysosomal pH, causing Ca 2+ release via the lysosomal Ca 2+ channel mucolipin-1 (Mcoln1), which induces the activation of p38 and NF-κB, thus polarizing TAMs to M1 phenotype. In parallel, the released Ca 2+ activates transcription factor EB (TFEB), which reprograms the metabolism of TAMs from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. As a result, CQ-reset macrophages ameliorate tumor immune microenvironment by decreasing immunosuppressive infiltration of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and Treg cells, thus enhancing antitumor T-cell immunity. These data illuminate a previously unrecognized antitumor mechanism of CQ, suggesting a potential new macrophage-based tumor immunotherapeutic modality. Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) display an M2 phenotype that promote tumour immune escape. Here the authors show that Chloroquine (CQ), a lysosome inhibitor used against malaria, inhibits tumour growth by switching TAMs into an M1 tumor-killing phenotype by repolarizing macrophages metabolism.

With the continuous integration and miniaturization of electronic devices, the heat transfer of the electronic devices continues to surge. This means that thermal management equipment with higher heat flux cooling capacity is required to maintain its normal operation. This paper systematically reviews the progress of spray cooling. In the first part, the thermal dissipation mechanism of spray cooling in the non-boiling regime and boiling regime are summarized, and the correlation formula of heat transfer is summarized. In the second part, the influencing factors of various parameters of the nozzle are summarized, the experimental research and numerical simulation research are summarized separately, and some means and methods to strengthen heat transfer are listed. In the third part, we summarize the current application research of spray cooling in some hot new fields, including electronic technology, aerospace, biomedicine, battery safety, etc. The research prospects and challenges in these fields are highlighted. This research provides a timely and necessary study of spray cooling.

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are major contributors to food spoilage, animal diseases, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in healthcare, highlighting the urgent need for effective treatments. Bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have gained attention for their non-toxic nature and strong antimicrobial properties. LAB-derived bacteriocins have been successfully applied in food preservation and are classified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as ‘food-grade’ or ‘generally recognized as safe’ (GRAS). This review summarizes recent progress in the production, purification, and emerging applications of LAB bacteriocins. It emphasizes their versatility in food preservation, agriculture, and medicine, providing insights into their role in antimicrobial development and functional food innovation.