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Human Action Recognition (HAR) is the classification of an action performed by a human. The goal of this study was to recognize human actions in action video sequences. We present a novel feature descriptor for HAR that involves multiple features and combining them using fusion technique. The major focus of the feature descriptor is to exploits the action dissimilarities. The key contribution of the proposed approach is to built robust features descriptor that can work for underlying video sequences and various classification models. To achieve the objective of the proposed work, HAR has been performed in the following manner. First, moving object detection and segmentation are performed from the background. The features are calculated using the histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) from a segmented moving object. To reduce the feature descriptor size, we take an averaging of the HOG features across non-overlapping video frames. For the frequency domain information we have calculated regional features from the Fourier hog. Moreover, we have also included the velocity and displacement of moving object. Finally, we use fusion technique to combine these features in the proposed work. After a feature descriptor is prepared, it is provided to the classifier. Here, we have used well-known classifiers such as artificial neural networks (ANNs), support vector machine (SVM), multiple kernel learning (MKL), Meta-cognitive Neural Network (McNN), and the late fusion methods. The main objective of the proposed approach is to prepare a robust feature descriptor and to show the diversity of our feature descriptor. Though we are using five different classifiers, our feature descriptor performs relatively well across the various classifiers. The proposed approach is performed and compared with the state-of-the-art methods for action recognition on two publicly available benchmark datasets (KTH and Weizmann) and for cross-validation on the UCF11 dataset, HMDB51 dataset, and UCF101 dataset. Results of the control experiments, such as a change in the SVM classifier and the effects of the second hidden layer in ANN, are also reported. The results demonstrate that the proposed method performs reasonably compared with the majority of existing state-of-the-art methods, including the convolutional neural network-based feature extractors.

The object recognition concept is being widely used a result of increasing CCTV surveillance and the need for automatic object or activity detection from images or video. Increases in the use of various sensor networks have also raised the need of lightweight process frameworks. Much research has been carried out in this area, but the research scope is colossal as it deals with open-ended problems such as being able to achieve high accuracy in little time using lightweight process frameworks. Convolution Neural Networks and their variants are widely used in various computer vision activities, but most of the architectures of CNN are application-specific. There is always a need for generic architectures with better performance. This paper introduces the Dimension-Based Generic Convolution Block (DBGC), which can be used with any CNN to make the architecture generic and provide a dimension-wise selection of various height, width, and depth kernels. This single unit which uses the separable convolution concept provides multiple combinations using various dimension-based kernels. This single unit can be used for height-based, width-based, or depth-based dimensions; the same unit can even be used for height and width, width and depth, and depth and height dimensions. It can also be used for combinations involving all three dimensions of height, width, and depth. The main novelty of DBGC lies in the dimension selector block included in the proposed architecture. Proposed unoptimized kernel dimensions reduce FLOPs by around one third and also reduce the accuracy by around one half; semi-optimized kernel dimensions yield almost the same or higher accuracy with half the FLOPs of the original architecture, while optimized kernel dimensions provide 5 to 6% higher accuracy with around a 10 M reduction in FLOPs.

The human immune system is very complex. Understanding it traditionally required specialized knowledge and expertise along with years of study. However, in recent times, the introduction of technologies such as AIoMT (Artificial Intelligence of Medical Things), genetic intelligence algorithms, smart immunological methodologies, etc., has made this process easier. These technologies can observe relations and patterns that humans do and recognize patterns that are unobservable by humans. Furthermore, these technologies have also enabled us to understand better the different types of cells in the immune system, their structures, their importance, and their impact on our immunity, particularly in the case of debilitating diseases such as cancer. The undertaken study explores the AI methodologies currently in the field of immunology. The initial part of this study explains the integration of AI in healthcare and how it has changed the face of the medical industry. It also details the current applications of AI in the different healthcare domains and the key challenges faced when trying to integrate AI with healthcare, along with the recent developments and contributions in this field by other researchers. The core part of this study is focused on exploring the most common classifications of health diseases, immunology, and its key subdomains. The later part of the study presents a statistical analysis of the contributions in AI in the different domains of immunology and an in-depth review of the machine learning and deep learning methodologies and algorithms that can and have been applied in the field of immunology. We have also analyzed a list of machine learning and deep learning datasets about the different subdomains of immunology. Finally, in the end, the presented study discusses the future research directions in the field of AI in immunology and provides some possible solutions for the same.

Purpose Cloud computing provides a dynamic, heterogeneous and elastic environment by offering accessible ‘cloud services’ to end-users. The tasks involved in making cloud services available, such as matchmaking, selection and composition, are essential and closely related to each other. Integration of these tasks is critical for optimal composition and performance of the cloud service platform. More efficient solutions could be developed by considering cloud service tasks collectively, but the research and academic community have so far only considered these tasks individually. The purpose of this paper is to propose an integrated QoS-based approach for cloud service matchmaking, selection and composition using the Semantic Web. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the authors propose a new approach using the Semantic Web and quality of service (QoS) model to perform cloud service matchmaking, selection and composition, to fulfil the requirements of an end user. In the Semantic Web, the authors develop cloud ontologies to provide semantic descriptions to the service provider and requester, so as to automate the cloud service tasks. This paper considers QoS parameters, such as availability, throughput, response time and cost, for quality assurance and enhanced user satisfaction. Findings This paper focus on the development of an integrated framework and approach for cloud service life cycle phases, such as discovery, selection and composition using QoS, to enhance user satisfaction and the Semantic Web, to achieve automation. To evaluate performance and usefulness, this paper uses a scenario based on a Healthcare Decision-Making System (HDMS). Results derived through the experiment prove that the proposed prototype performs well for the defined set of cloud-services tasks. Originality/value As a novel concept, our proposed integrated framework and approach for cloud service matchmaking, selection and composition based on the Semantic Web and QoS characterisitcs (availability, response time, throughput and cost), as part of the service level agreement (SLA) will help the end user to match, select and filter cloud services and integrate cloud-service providers into a multi-cloud environment.

Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks are significant threats to the cyber world because of their potential to quickly bring down victims. Memcached vulnerabilities have been targeted by attackers using DDoS amplification attacks. GitHub and Arbor Networks were the victims of Memcached DDoS attacks with 1.3 Tbps and 1.8 Tbps attack strengths, respectively. The bandwidth amplification factor of nearly 50,000 makes Memcached the deadliest DDoS attack vector to date. In recent times, fellow researchers have made specific efforts to analyze and evaluate Memcached vulnerabilities; however, the solutions provided for security are based on best practices by users and service providers. This study is the first attempt at modifying the architecture of Memcached servers in the context of improving security against DDoS attacks. This study discusses the Memcached protocol, the vulnerabilities associated with it, the future challenges for different IoT applications associated with caches, and the solutions for detecting Memcached DDoS attacks. The proposed solution is a novel identification-pattern mechanism using a threshold scheme for detecting volume-based DDoS attacks. In the undertaken study, the solution acts as a pre-emptive measure for detecting DDoS attacks while maintaining low latency and high throughput.

Fog computing is a paradigm that extends cloud computing services to the edge of the network. Fog computing provides data, storage, compute and application services to end users. The distinguishing characteristics of fog computing are its proximity to the end users. The application services are hosted on network edges like on routers, switches, etc. The goal of fog computing is to improve the efficiency and reduce the amount of data that needs to be transported to cloud for analysis, processing and storage. Due to heterogeneous characteristics of fog computing, there are some issues, i.e. security, fault tolerance, resource scheduling and allocation. To better understand fault tolerance, we highlighted the basic concepts of fault tolerance by understanding different fault tolerance techniques i.e. Reactive, Proactive and the hybrid. In addition to the fault tolerance, how to balance resource utilization and security in fog computing are also discussed here. Furthermore, to overcome platform level issues of fog computing, Hybrid fault tolerance model using resource management and security is presented by us.

Computer vision is becoming an increasingly trendy word in the area of image processing. With the emergence of computer vision applications, there is a significant demand to recognize objects automatically. Deep CNN (convolution neural network) has benefited the computer vision community by producing excellent results in video processing, object recognition, picture classification and segmentation, natural language processing, speech recognition, and many other fields. Furthermore, the introduction of large amounts of data and readily available hardware has opened new avenues for CNN study. Several inspirational concepts for the progress of CNN have been investigated, including alternative activation functions, regularization, parameter optimization, and architectural advances. Furthermore, achieving innovations in architecture results in a tremendous enhancement in the capacity of the deep CNN. Significant emphasis has been given to leveraging channel and spatial information, with a depth of architecture and information processing via multi-path. This survey paper focuses mainly on the primary taxonomy and newly released deep CNN architectures, and it divides numerous recent developments in CNN architectures into eight groups. Spatial exploitation, multi-path, depth, breadth, dimension, channel boosting, feature-map exploitation, and attention-based CNN are the eight categories. The main contribution of this manuscript is in comparing various architectural evolutions in CNN by its architectural change, strengths, and weaknesses. Besides, it also includes an explanation of the CNN’s components, the strengths and weaknesses of various CNN variants, research gap or open challenges, CNN applications, and the future research direction.

Application placement in fog computing is a crucial aspect of designing and managing fog computing systems. As a consequence, optimized application management becomes an essential task. Numerous algorithms have been proposed in the literature for efficient placement of applications in fog to address the Fog Application Placement Problem (FAPP), however not much work was done in evaluation of optimization algorithms. The evaluations are needed for making practical and impactful decision that can contribute to the scalability, reliability, and cost-effectiveness of the fog. This evaluation work is targeted towards the search of most efficient algorithms for FAPP especially optimization algorithms. The evaluations presented in this work provide answers to the most essential research questions such as what is the need of optimization in fog environment, which optimization algorithm performs best and what is its future in fog computing. The evaluations in this paper firstly, focuses on metric-based evaluations, which evaluates Fog Utilization, Service Level Agreement (SLA) violation and Response time of various state of the art works collected from the literature The work also evaluates different type of Optimization algorithms and Optimization objectives side-by-side to see which type are best suited for FAPP.

Fog computing offers a compelling paradigm for real-time healthcare data processing by minimizing latency and bringing computation closer to its source. However, efficient service placement remains a critical challenge for maximizing fog computing’s benefits in this domain. Existing service placement algorithms often struggle to adapt to dynamic fog environments and prioritize low latency for real-time healthcare applications. This research addresses this gap by proposing LA-AACO (Latency Aware Adaptive Ant Colony Optimization), a novel service placement algorithm specifically designed for healthcare applications in fog computing environments. LA-AACO incorporates an adaptive Latency Weight (β) parameter to balance exploration and exploitation during the search process. Additionally, it utilizes a latency-aware fitness function that directly prioritizes solutions with minimal overall latency for healthcare data processing. The LA-AACO is evaluated against established algorithms GWO and CSA with an ECG event monitoring application as the representative healthcare workload. The results demonstrate LA-AACO's superiority across all evaluated metrics, achieving significantly higher fog resource utilization ((93%), lower latency (0.19s), faster response (3.7s), lower energy consumption (1.5J) and faster runtime (39.4s) compared to existing algorithms.

Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic situation is increasing day by day and has affected the lifestyle and economy worldwide. Due to the absence of specific treatment, the only way to control a pandemic is by stopping its spread. Early identification of affected persons is urgently in demand. Diagnostic methods applied in hospitals are time-consuming, which delay the identification of positive patients. This study aims to develop machine learning-based diagnosis model which can predict positive cases and helps in decision-making. Design/methodology/approach In this research, the authors have developed a diagnosis model to check coronavirus positivity based on an artificial neural network. The authors have trained the model with clinically assessed symptoms, patient-reported symptoms, other medical histories and exposure data of the person. The authors have explored filter-based feature selection methods such as Chi2, ANOVA F-score and Mutual Information for improving performance of a classification model. Metrics used to evaluate performance of the model are accuracy, precision, sensitivity and F1-score. Findings The authors got highest classification performance with model trained with features ranked according to ANOVA FS method. Highest scores for accuracy, sensitivity, precision and F1-score of predictions are 0.93, 0.99, 0.94 and 0.93, respectively. The study reveals that most relevant predictors for COVID-19 diagnosis are sob severity, cough severity, sob presence, cough presence, fatigue and number of days since symptom onset. Originality/value Treatment for COVID-19 is not available to date. The best way to control this pandemic is the isolation of positive persons. It is very much necessary to identify positive persons at an early stage. RT-PCR test used to check COVID-19 positivity is the time-consuming, expensive and laborious method. Current diagnosis methods used in hospital demand more medical resources with increasing cases of coronavirus that introduce shortage of resources. The developed model provides solution to the problem cheaper and faster decreases the immediate need for medical resources and helps in decision-making.