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The aim of this article is to highlight the Maimonian interpretation of Aristotle’s Categories and to show how it constitutes a defense of this treatise against the objections leveled by Kant in his Critique of Pure Reason . Moreover, through an analysis of this interpretation, I hope to clarify the main reason why Maimon undertook to reform transcendental philosophy in his Versuch einer neuen Logik oder Theorie des Denkens .

The CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite (CHEOPS) was selected on October 19, 2012, as the first small mission (S-mission) in the ESA Science Programme and successfully launched on December 18, 2019, as a secondary passenger on a Soyuz-Fregat rocket from Kourou, French Guiana. CHEOPS is a partnership between ESA and Switzerland with important contributions by ten additional ESA Member States. CHEOPS is the first mission dedicated to search for transits of exoplanets using ultrahigh precision photometry on bright stars already known to host planets. As a follow-up mission, CHEOPS is mainly dedicated to improving, whenever possible, existing radii measurements or provide first accurate measurements for a subset of those planets for which the mass has already been estimated from ground-based spectroscopic surveys. The expected photometric precision will also allow CHEOPS to go beyond measuring only transits and to follow phase curves or to search for exo-moons, for example. Finally, by unveiling transiting exoplanets with high potential for in-depth characterisation, CHEOPS will also provide prime targets for future instruments suited to the spectroscopic characterisation of exoplanetary atmospheres. To reach its science objectives, requirements on the photometric precision and stability have been derived for stars with magnitudes ranging from 6 to 12 in the V band. In particular, CHEOPS shall be able to detect Earth-size planets transiting G5 dwarf stars (stellar radius of 0.9R⊙) in the magnitude range 6 ≤ V ≤ 9 by achieving a photometric precision of 20 ppm in 6 hours of integration time. In the case of K-type stars (stellar radius of 0.7R⊙) of magnitude in the range 9 ≤ V ≤ 12, CHEOPS shall be able to detect transiting Neptune-size planets achieving a photometric precision of 85 ppm in 3 hours of integration time. This precision has to be maintained over continuous periods of observation for up to 48 hours. This precision and stability will be achieved by using a single, frame-transfer, back-illuminated CCD detector at the focal plane assembly of a 33.5 cm diameter, on-axis Ritchey-Chrétien telescope. The nearly 275 kg spacecraft is nadir-locked, with a pointing accuracy of about 1 arcsec rms, and will allow for at least 1 Gbit/day downlink. The sun-synchronous dusk-dawn orbit at 700 km altitude enables having the Sun permanently on the backside of the spacecraft thus minimising Earth stray light. A mission duration of 3.5 years in orbit is foreseen to enable the execution of the science programme. During this period, 20% of the observing time is available to the wider community through yearly ESA call for proposals, as well as through discretionary time approved by ESA’s Director of Science. At the time of this writing, CHEOPS commissioning has been completed and CHEOPS has been shown to fulfill all its requirements. The mission has now started the execution of its science programme.

El artículo se propone esclarecer en qué consiste una interpretación fenomenológica del pasado, “método” o “proceder” historiográfico que caracteriza la obra de M. Heidegger. Para realizar tal propósito, se comprende la historiografía heideggeriana a partir de los debates en los que se inserta, por un lado, la discusión neokantiana relativa al modo de estudio de la historia de la filosofía; por otro, aquella en torno a los límites y las posibilidades del proyecto fenomenológico iniciado por E. Husserl. El estudio de este contexto permitirá entender que el análisis fenomenológico de la historia de la filosofía no es un “método” o una “perspectiva hermenéutica” desde la que llevar a cabo una lectura concreta, sino una posición filosófica en torno al significado del “pasado” que redefine totalmente el sentido y la función de la indagación historiográfica. The article aims to explain what is the meaning of a “phenomenological interpretation” of the past, the historiographical “method” or \"procedure\" that characterizes the works of M. Heidegger. In order to achieve this purpose, Heideggerian historiography is understood from the debates in which it is inserted, on the one hand, the neo-Kantian discussion on how to study the history of philosophy; on the other hand, the one about the limits and possibilities of the phenomenological project initiated by E. Husserl. The study of this context will allow to understand that the phenomenological analysis of the history of philosophy is not a \"method\" or a \"hermeneutic perspective\" from which to carry out a concrete reading, but a philosophical position on the meaning of the \"past\" that totally redefines the meaning and function of historiographical inquiry.

Resumen: El artículo pretende sacar a la luz la presencia implícita de los Rasgos fundamentales de una metafísica del conocimiento en Ser y Tiempo, con el fin de reconstruir la discusión entre Hartmann y Heidegger sobre los resultados de un análisis fenomenológico del conocimiento. En primer lugar, se realiza un resumen del núcleo argumentativo del tratado de Hartmann (I). Gracias a ello, se espera penetrar en el §13 de Ser y Tiempo bajo una nueva luz que permita resaltar la discusión latente contenida en él (II). En la conclusión (III), se presenta la línea principal de la defensa de Hartmann frente a las críticas de Heidegger, ofreciendo así una vía por la que continuar la exploración del diálogo filosófico entre estos autores en futuras indagaciones. Abstract: The article aims to bring to light the implicit presence of the Foundation of a Metaphysics of Knowledge in Being and Time. Within, I aim to reconstruct the discussion between Hartmann and Heidegger about the results of a phenomenological analysis of knowledge. First, a summary exposition of the argumentative core of Hartmann’s book is made (I). Thanks to that, I aim to point out a new vision of §13 of Being and Time, which points out the debate contained in it (II). In the conclusion (III), the main line of Hartmann’s defense against Heidegger’s criticism is presented, thus giving the basis on which research may continue. Abstract: The article aims to bring to light the implicit presence of the Foundation of a Metaphysics of Knowledge in Being and Time in order to reconstruct the discussion between Hartmann and Heidegger about the results of a phenomenological analysis of knowledge. First, a summary exposition of the argumentative core of Hartmann’s book is made (I), thus acquiring a new vision of §13 of Being and Time, which points out the debate contained in it (II). In the conclusion (III), the main line of Hartmann’s defense against Heidegger’s criticism is presented, thus giving the basis on which research may continue.

Le but de cet article est d’éclairer l’interprétation par Maimon des Catégories d’Aristote et de montrer comment elle vise à défendre le traité aristotélicien contre les objections émises par Kant dans la Critique de la raison pure . De plus, au travers d’une analyse de cette interprétation, nous tentons de clarifier l’entreprise de réforme de la philosophie transcendantale que Maimon développe dans son Essai d’une nouvelle logique ou théorie de la pensée. The aim of this article is to highlight the Maimonian interpretation of Aristotle’s Categories and to show how it constitutes a defense of this treatise against the objections levelled by Kant in the Kritik der reinen Vernunft. Moreover, through an analysis of this interpretation, we hope to clarify the main reason for Maimon’s undertaking to reform transcendental philosophy in his Versuch einer neuen Logik oder Theorie des Denkens.

Le but de cet article est d’éclairer l’interprétation par Maimon des Catégories d’Aristote et de montrer comment elle vise à défendre le traité aristotélicien contre les objections émises par Kant dans la Critique de la raison pure . De plus, au travers d’une analyse de cette interprétation, nous tentons de clarifier l’entreprise de réforme de la philosophie transcendantale que Maimon développe dans son Essai d’une nouvelle logique ou théorie de la pensée.

The CHEOPS, the first ESA small-class mission, has been performing photometric astronomical observations with a particular emphasis on exoplanetary science for the past five years. A distinctive feature of CHEOPS is that the responsibility for all operational aspects of the mission lies with the consortium rather than ESA. As a result, all subsystems, their architecture, and operational processes have been independently developed and tailored specifically to CHEOPS. This paper offers an overview of the CHEOPS operational subsystems, the design, and the automation framework that compose the two main components of the CHEOPS ground segment: the MOC and the SOC. This comprehensive description of the CHEOPS workflow aims to serve as a reference and potential source of inspiration for future small and/or independent space missions.

The CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite (CHEOPS) was selected in 2012, as the first small mission in the ESA Science Programme and successfully launched in December 2019. CHEOPS is a partnership between ESA and Switzerland with important contributions by ten additional ESA Member States. CHEOPS is the first mission dedicated to search for transits of exoplanets using ultrahigh precision photometry on bright stars already known to host planets. As a follow-up mission, CHEOPS is mainly dedicated to improving, whenever possible, existing radii measurements or provide first accurate measurements for a subset of those planets for which the mass has already been estimated from ground-based spectroscopic surveys and to following phase curves. CHEOPS will provide prime targets for future spectroscopic atmospheric characterisation. Requirements on the photometric precision and stability have been derived for stars with magnitudes ranging from 6 to 12 in the V band. In particular, CHEOPS shall be able to detect Earth-size planets transiting G5 dwarf stars in the magnitude range between 6 and 9 by achieving a photometric precision of 20 ppm in 6 hours of integration. For K stars in the magnitude range between 9 and 12, CHEOPS shall be able to detect transiting Neptune-size planets achieving a photometric precision of 85 ppm in 3 hours of integration. This is achieved by using a single, frame-transfer, back-illuminated CCD detector at the focal plane assembly of a 33.5 cm diameter telescope. The 280 kg spacecraft has a pointing accuracy of about 1 arcsec rms and orbits on a sun-synchronous dusk-dawn orbit at 700 km altitude. The nominal mission lifetime is 3.5 years. During this period, 20% of the observing time is available to the community through a yearly call and a discretionary time programme managed by ESA.