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Adipose tissue is considered to be an endocrine organ that secretes bioactive substances known as adipokines that contribute to the pathophysiology of metabolic and coronary diseases related to obesity. In this study, various novel biomarkers, such as inflammatory markers that are pro-inflammatory (visfatin) and anti-inflammatory (omentin-1), as prognostic indicators for people with coronary artery disease (CAD) were investigated. In this study, 30 diabetic patients with CAD, 30 diabetic patients without CAD, and 30 healthy control counterparts were included. Serum omentin and visfatin concentrations were evaluated by solid-phase enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Patients with established diagnosis of CAD based on angiography, ECG, and elevated cardiac marker level were included into the study. Patients with cardioembolic stroke, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, CNS vasculitis, and hemorrhage due to trauma, tumor, vascular malformation, and coagulopathy were excluded. The serum omentin-1 levels were significantly higher in the healthy controls in comparison with the diabetic group (p<0.0001) and serum visfatin levels were significantly higher in the diabetic group in comparison with the healthy controls (p<0.0001). The serum omentin levels were significantly higher in the diabetic group in comparison with the cardio-diabetic group (p<0.0001) and serum visfatin levels were significantly higher in the cardio-diabetic group in comparison with the diabetic group (p<0.0001). The serum omentin-1 showed negative correlation with the serum visfatin in the cardio-diabetic group. The adipokines, such as omentin and visfatin, may be good therapeutic candidates in preventing or ameliorating CAD.

Prostate cancer is an adenocarcinoma that involves epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) for metastasis. To uncover novel insights into the development of prostate tumors and to identify important genes and putative microRNAs (miRs) for patient care, this study performed an in-depth bioinformatics analysis using dbDEMC3.0 (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China), MIENTURNET (University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy), and DIANA-miTED (University of Thessaly, Thessaly, Greece) to explore miRs regulating tumorigenesis, proliferation, and potential therapeutic targets. A total of 373 differently expressed miRs were examined in this study, of which 87 had significant upregulation and 85 had significant downregulation. Our results from the MIENTURNET software showed that miR-141-3p, miR-200a-3p, miR-200b-3p, miR-200c-3p, miR-203a-3p, miR-429, miR-34a-5p, and miR-509-3-5p interact with the transcription factors CDH1, CDH2, SNAI1, ZEB1, and ZEB2, which play a significant role in the core EMT regulatory network. The Encyclopedia of RNA Interactomes (ENCORI) miR-target interaction co-expression analysis observed that miR-34a-5p had a strong interaction with CDH1 as compared to other genes. The results of DIANA-plasmiR analysis showed that miR-34a-5p is a useful prognostic and diagnostic biomarker. Our results suggest that this study advances our knowledge of the molecular mechanism underlying prostate adenocarcinoma and that the interaction between the EMT gene and differentially expressed miR (DEmiR) in prostate adenocarcinoma may represent a target for prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Stress disorders have multidimentional effect on us. The way we respond to these situations is different, which depends upon our individual difference and our sex or gender. Reports suggests that females are more susceptible to stress disorders as compared to the male person with same age group. Serotonin receptor system is an important mechanism involved in regulation of stress and anxiety in male and female both individuals. Current study incorporates rodent model to study sex-based role of serotonin receptors under chronic restrained stress condition. A chronic restrained stress protocol was used to assign the stress difference between male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. The molecular identification was done using quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry for serotonin 5HT-1B receptor in rat brain. Interestingly, 5HT-1B receptor which is one of the most important serotonin receptors, exhibited a sex dependent difference for stress response in male and female rats. Most importantly the trio partners (amygdala, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex), exhibited a region-specific sex dependent difference in 5HT-1B receptor expression which was correlated with the difference in the level of stress response. This biased function of serotonin 5HT-1B receptor might be the reason why females face more stress than male individual. Overall, the result exhibited a sex dependent difference for stress condition in male and female rats, which was correlated with the spatial expression of serotonin 5HT-1B receptor in brain.

Childhood and adolescence require adequate amount of micronutrients for normal growth and development. The primary objective of study was to assess the prevalence of deficiencies of Vitamins (Vitamin A, 25 Hydroxy Vitamin D, Vitamin B12 and Folate) and minerals (Calcium, Zinc, Selenium and Iron), among urban school going children aged 6-11 and 12-16 years in ten cities of India. Secondary objective was to find the association between micronutrient deficiencies with sociodemographic and anthropometric indicators. A multi-center cross-sectional study was conducted across India. Participants in the age groups of 6 to 11 years (group 1) and 12 to 16 years (group 2) were selected from randomly chosen schools from each center. Data on socio economic status, anthropometric measures was collected. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis of micronutrients. Point estimates and 95% confidence intervals was used to assess the prevalence of deficiencies. Associations were observed using chi square, student t test and ANOVA test. From April 2019 to February 2020, 2428 participants (1235 in group 1 and 1193 group 2) were recruited from 60 schools across ten cites. The prevalence of calcium and iron deficiency was 59.9% and 49.4% respectively. 25 Hydroxy Vitamin D deficiency was seen in 39.7% and vitamin B12 in 33.4% of subjects. Folate, Selenium and Zinc were deficient in 22.2%, 10.4% and 6.8% of subjects respectively. Vitamin A deficiency least (1.6%). Anemia was prevalent in 17.6% subjects and was more common among females. One or more micronutrient deficiencies are found in almost one half of school going children in urban area. Hence efforts must be made to combat these on priority. CTRI/2019/02/017783.

The microRNA (miR)-183-5p is expressed at high level in the majority of cancer. The purpose of present study was to investigate the role of oncogenic miR-183-5p in prostate cancer (PCa) as biomarker. We carried out our experiment in 50 prostate cancer patients and 40 patients of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 40 adjacent controls tissue. The expression of miR-183-5p was evaluated through reverse transcription qualitative polymerase chain reaction. We found that the expression of miR-183-5p in PCa tissue was significantly up regulated as compared to BPH patients and adjacent normal tissues as control. Additionally, miR-183 expression was correlated with higher prostate-specific antigen, higher Gleason Score and metastatic condition. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that miR-183-5p distinguished PCa patients from BPH patients and also from control. In conclusion, our data suggest that oncogenic miR-183-5p may be useful as a new tissue specific diagnostic biomarker in prostate cancer.

Lead toxicity is a well-recognised environmental health issue, with prenatal exposure posing significant risks to infants. One major pathway of exposure to infants is maternal lead transfer during pregnancy. Therefore, accurately characterising maternal lead levels is critical for enabling targeted and personalised healthcare interventions. Current detection methods for lead poisoning are based on laboratory blood tests, which are not feasible for the screening of a wide population due to cost, accessibility, and logistical constraints. To address this limitation, our previous research proposed a novel machine learning (ML)-based model that predicts lead exposure levels in pregnant women using sociodemographic data alone. However, for such predictive models to gain broader acceptance, especially in clinical and public health settings, transparency and interpretability are essential. Understanding the reasoning behind the predictions of the model is crucial to building trust and facilitating informed decision-making. In this study, we present the first application of an explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) framework to interpret predictions made by our ML-based lead exposure model. Using a dataset of 200 blood samples and 12 sociodemographic features, a Random Forest classifier was trained, achieving an accuracy of 84.52%. We applied two widely used XAI methods, SHAP (SHapley additive explanations) and LIME (Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations), to provide insight into how each input feature contributed to the model's predictions.

Early diagnosis remains a challenge for prostate cancer (PCa) due to molecular heterogeneity. The purpose of our study was to explore the diagnostic potential of microRNA (miRNA) in both tissue and serum that may aid in the precise and early clinical diagnosis of PCa. The miRNA expression pattern analysis was carried out in 250 subjects (discovery and validation cohort). The Discovery Cohort included the control (n = 30) and PCa (n = 35) subjects, while the Validation Cohort included the healthy control (n = 60), benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) (n = 55), PCa (n = 50), and castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) (n = 20) patients. The expression analysis of tissue (Discovery Cohort) and serum (Validation Cohort) was carried out by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The diagnostic biomarker potential was evaluated using receiver operating characteristics (ROC). Bioinformatic tools were used to explore and analyze miRNA target genes. MiRNA 4510 and miRNA 183 were significantly (p<0.001) upregulated and miRNA 329 was significantly (p<0.0001) downregulated in both PCa tissue and serum. ROC curve analysis showed excellent non-invasive biomarker potential of miRNA 4510 in both PCa (area under the curve (AUC) 0.984; p<0.001) and CRPC (AUC 0.944; p<0.001). The panel of serum miRNAs (miRNA 183 and miRNA 4510) designed for PCa had significant and greater AUC with both 100% sensitivity and specificity. Computational analysis shows that the maximum number of target genes are transcription factors that regulate oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Based on ROC curve analysis, miRNAs 4510, 329, and 711 were identified as potential non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers in the early detection of PCa. Our findings imply that a panel of miRNAs 183 and 4510 has high specificity for distinguishing PCa from healthy controls and providing therapeutic targets for better and earlier PCa therapy.

Introduction: Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for de novo telomere synthesis and addition of telomeric repeats to existing telomeres. Telomerase activity is generally found to be absent in normal tissues. Telomerase is known to be induced upon malignant transformation of human cells. Method: In the present study, we analyzed both telomere length and telomerase activity in saliva samples from oral carcinoma patients. The study was done to investigate the presence of telomerase activity in oral squamous cell carcinoma by TRAP assay. Result: Telomerase activity was detectable in 79 of 100 human OSCC and 51 of 100 premalignant cases and 8 of 100 normal patients. Conclusion: These results indicate that telomerase is activated frequently during the late stage of oral premalignancy and may play a crucial role in OSCC.

Wrightia tinctoria Roxb. (R.Br.) is an Ayurvedic remedy, ethnomedically used in the treatment of various ailments. The present work was carried out to evaluate the anticancer and antioxidant activity as well as total phenolic and phytochemical contents of W. tinctoria bark methanolic extract (WTBM) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-diode array detector. Antiproliferative activity of WTBM was evaluated against MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cancer cells by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, colony formation, and Hoechst staining. In addition, the antioxidant potential was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and 2,2- azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical cation decolorization assay. Total phenolic content was assessed by Folin-Ciocalteu method. The results demonstrated that WTBM exhibited significant antiproliferative effect against MDA-MB-231 (IC 50 = 88.9 ± 1.27 μg/ml) and MCF-7 (IC 50 = 45.71 ± 7.74 μg/ml) cancer cells in time- and dose-dependent manner. WTBM significantly suppresses colony formation and induces apoptosis in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells as evident by morphological assessment, clonogenic assay, and Hoechst staining. The total phenolic content of WTBM was found to be 30.3 gallic acid equivalent mg/g dry weight of bark extract while IC 50 value for DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity was 72.2 ± 2.8 μg/ml and 45.16 ± 1.95 μg/ml, respectively. HPLC analysis showed the presence of gallic acid, rutin, and quercetin in WTBM. These findings demonstrated that WTBM significantly inhibited proliferation of breast cancer cells and induced apoptosis, suggesting the potential chemopreventive activity of W. tinctoria bark.