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There is very little research in the field of Arabic language acquisition This study explores the development in the acquisition of the trill/r/ in Iraqi Arabic (IA). It attempts to answer four main questions; (1) What percentage in the total sample produced/r/ correctly? (2) Is this the age of customary, acquisition, or mastery for IA children? (3) Does the production accuracy of/r/ vary by position in the syllable and child sex? (4) How is the acquisition of/r/ developed within this age group? Samples were collected from 20 normally developing children between the ages of 1:8 and 3:7. The results showed noticeable sex differences in the acquisition of/r/. Besides, /r/ was produced more accurately in syllable-initial than syllable-final position. Statistics reflected a cross-dialectal variation among Arabic dialects, where Iraqi children acquired/r/ at different age it is acquired in other Arabic dialects, such as Jordanian Arabic. However, results of this paper go in support of previously suggested universal sound acquisition as/r/ was acquired in IA at about the same age it is acquired in English. The acquisition of/r/ was accompanied by gliding and deletion.

Objectives: This study investigates the dialectal variations in perceptive speech intelligibility among Iraqi EFL learners at the university level, focusing on the influence of Accent Familiarity (AF). The study aims to reveal the influence of students' regional dialects, Gilit and Qeltu, on perceptive intelligibility due to their exposure to matched accent familiarity, mismatched accent familiarity, and unfamiliar accent familiarity. Methods: The participants were 20 male and female students from the 3rd grade at the Department of English, College of Education for Humanities, University of Anbar, during the academic year 2023-2024. The participants were divided between \"Gilit\"-speaking and \"Qeltu\"-speaking students. A quantitative design was used to investigate dialectal differences in perceptive intelligibility among Iraqi EFL learners, and a Perceptive Intelligibility Test was employed to collect the data. The data was presented through three different accents: Iraqi accent, British accent, and German accent. All these accents delivered an English context. Results: The results revealed that there is no significant difference between the two dialects, Gilit and Qeltu, in perceptive intelligibility. Additionally, there is no significant difference between the two dialects in matched accent familiarity, mismatched accent familiarity, or unfamiliar accent familiarity. Conclusion: These findings conclude that the dialectal differences between Gilit and Qeltu speakers have no significant impact on perceptive intelligibility across matched, mismatched, or unfamiliar accents. This study offers valuable insights for phonologists, highlighting the interplay between accent familiarity, learners' dialects, and speech intelligibility in an EFL context. Recommendation: The study proposes several practical recommendations for improving pronunciation instruction in Iraqi EFL contexts such as incorporating intelligibility training, diversifying accent exposure, adopting inclusive pronunciation models, developing methodological frameworks.

This research aims to find out types and functions of speech fillers used by politician interviewees. It also investigates gender and native-ness differences in the use of SFS among participants. The data of this study come from eight extracted episodes taken from the corpus of conflict zone (CZ) talk show. The data have been analyzed and classified based on the theories proposed by Stenstrom (1994) and Rose (1998). A qualitative analysis has been followed in dealing with functions of SFs. A quantitative analysis is also applied in the course of counting frequencies and percentages of SFs. The results show that time is required for planning, especially when difficult topics are discussed. Results show that all participants used all types of SFs with unlexicalized SFs being used more frequently. In terms of functions of SFs, Female participants used all functions of SFs based on the theory of Stenstrom. They are breathing, filling pause, hesitation mark, starter, shift marker, empathizing, mitigating, editing term, time creating device, holding the turn and sequencer, while the male groups used all functions except shift marker. Breathing is the dominating function of SFs used by all participants with vast distinction with other functions. In contrast, shift marker has the least used function.

The present study investigates whether or not Iraqi EFL learners\" native dialect has an impact on their pronunciation of English monophthongs and to examine the reasons, behind the mispronunciation, they are expected to commit. To achieve this goal, sixty Iraqi participants speaking two Iraqi dialects i.e. qeltu and gilit dialect, were engaged to achieve a speech production task of the eleven English monophthongs in a/hvd/ context. The data were analyzed using PRAAT to extract first and second formant frequencies and as well as vowel duration for each vowel. Lobanov\"s TELESUR G normalization algorithm (2006) was tracked to normalize F1 and F2 values. The normalized data were compared to results from Deterding (1997) and walls (1962). The results showed that Iraqi EFLLs produced the targeted vowels shorter than the control group represented by native English. In terms of vowel quality, they produced lower and more fronted vowels than the control group. In addition, this study revealed that there are statistically significant cross-dialectal differences between gilit and qeltu-speaking EFLLs in the production of English vowels. It is concluded that learners\" mother tongue has a role in their production of English vowels.

Pronunciation is considered as one of important features of spoken language. It is crucially important as it is usually the first thing people notice about English language learners. the present study is a phonological one that tries to answer a nagging question asked by both Iraqi teachers and learners of English whether or not the colloquial Iraqi Arabic has an impact on the pronunciation of English and to find out the reasons behind the mispronunciation of Iraqi learners of English. To answer such a question an experiment is administered at the University of Anbar for twelve learners (six girls and six boys) at second stage who are at the same age ranged from 20 to 28 (mean 24). The experiment includes two parts: a protest of English proficiency and a protest which includes recording learners reading a Standard English text and a colloquial Iraqi one. In terms of vowel duration, HIA speakers produced slightly longer short vowels than RIA speakers did. There were more gender variation patterns among HIA than among RIA speakers. For short and long vowels, RIA speakers produced higher and more retracted vowels than HIA speakers.

According to Gulf RACE, the mean age of native patients with acute coronary syndrome in the Gulf was 62 years for women and 59 years for men. [...] the need for and timing of an invasive strategy has to tailored according to the acuteness level of risk the three risk categories are: - Conservative - Early invasive - Urgent invasive Patients who fulfill all the below criteria may be regarded as low risk and should not be submitted to early invasive evaluation.