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Background Maternal and child health among tribal populations in Odisha, India, is significantly influenced by socio-economic, cultural, and infrastructural factors. Cultural practices, reliance on traditional medicine, and limited awareness of modern healthcare benefits shape health-seeking behavior. This scoping review synthesises evidence on health-seeking behaviour, healthcare utilisation, awareness of healthcare services, government policies, and barriers in tribal communities in Odisha, India. Methods This scoping review was conducted following the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines. We followed the Arksey and O’Malley methodological framework and applied the PAGER framework (Patterns, Advances, Gaps, Evidence for Practice, Research Recommendations) for quality of reporting. Studies were identified through systematic searches of international and Indian databases, Indian journal websites, organisational websites, repositories, and registries, focusing on health-seeking behaviour and healthcare utilisation among Odisha’s tribal communities. Only English-language articles published between January 2011 and July 2024 were included. The methodological quality of the selected studies was independently assessed by two reviewers using the JBI Quality Assessment Checklist. Results A total of 39 studies, encompassing 36,613 participants, were included in the review. The findings highlight significant barriers to healthcare access among tribal communities, including poverty, illiteracy, cultural practices, geographic isolation, distance to healthcare centres, transportation availability and mistrust of government services. While some tribes have shown progress in adopting modern healthcare services, many continue to rely on traditional medicine and indigenous practices. Socio-cultural factors, such as patriarchal norms and religious rituals, further influence healthcare-seeking behavior. Government initiatives like the National Rural Health Mission and the Integrated Child Development Services have had some success in improving healthcare utilisation among tribal populations. However, strengthening community support, conducting village-level awareness campaigns, and implementing targeted educational interventions can play a transformative role in enhancing healthcare access and overall well-being. Conclusion Improving maternal and child health in Odisha’s tribal populations requires culturally sensitive approaches integrated with modern healthcare strategies. Enhancing awareness, infrastructure, and community health workers’ roles can bridge access gaps while respecting tribal traditions.

Globally, depression and anxiety are major public health concerns with onset during adolescence. While rural Australia experiences overall lower health outcomes, variation in mental health prevalence rates between rural and urban Australia is unclear. The aim of this paper was to estimate the pooled prevalence rates for depression and anxiety among young Australians aged between 10 and 24 years. Selected studies from a systematic literature search were assessed for risk of bias. Random effects model using DerSimonian and Laird method with Freeman–Tukey Double Arcsine Transformation was fitted. Sensitivity analyses were performed. Prevalence estimates were stratified by region and disorder. The overall pooled prevalence of depression and anxiety was 25.3% (95% CI, 19.9–31.0%). In subgroup analysis, anxiety prevalence was 29.9% (95% CI, 21.6–39.0%); depression: 21.3% (95% CI, 14.9–28.5%); and depression or anxiety: 27.2% (95% CI, 20.3–34.6%). Depression and anxiety prevalence were higher in urban 26.1% (95% CI, 17.3–35.9%) compared to rural areas 24.9% (95% CI, 17.5–33%), although the difference was not statistically significant. The heterogeneity was high with an I2 score of 95.8%. There is need for further research on healthcare access, mental health literacy and help-seeking attitude in Australia.

Brewer’s spent yeast (BSY) is among the most voluminous by-products generated in brewery industry that adds to the waste; however, smart utilization of BSY could lead to edible biomass production besides waste management. To utilize it for biomass production, it is being used in fish feeds; however, its effect on the fish physiology has been scantily studied. The present study investigated the proteomic changes in muscle tissues of carp Labeo rohita fed with BSY-based diet, to understand its impact on muscle physiology and biomass. Six feeds were prepared with different grades of BSY (0, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100% replacement of fishmeal with BSY) and fishes were fed for 90 days. Highest weight gain%, feed conversion efficiency, specific growth rate% were observed in 30% BSY–replaced group and this group was considered for the proteomic study. Comparative shotgun proteomic analysis was carried out by LC–MS/MS and data generated have been deposited in ProteomeXchange Consortium with dataset identifier PXD020093. A total of 62 proteins showed differential abundance; 29 increased and 33 decreased in the 30% BSY–replaced group. Pathway analysis using IPA and Panther tools revealed that the proteins tyrosine protein kinase, PDGFα, PKRCB and Collagen promote muscle growth by inducing the PI3K-AKT pathway. Conversely, the proteins Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase, Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate5-phosphatase 2A and Ras-specific guanine- nucleotide-releasing factor inhibit muscle growth indicating that 30% BSY–replaced feed promote muscle growth in a highly controlled manner. Findings suggest that BSY could be recycled for carp feed production in large scale thereby leading to resource conservation, reducing environmental effects.