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"Molina, A."
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Like a fading shadow
A \"novel intertwining the author's past with James Earl Ray's attempt to escape after shooting Martin Luther King Jr\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Chagas disease
Chagas disease is an anthropozoonosis from the American continent that has spread from its original boundaries through migration. It is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, which was identified in the first decade of the 20th century. Once acute infection resolves, patients can develop chronic disease, which in up to 30–40% of cases is characterised by cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias, megaviscera, and, more rarely, polyneuropathy and stroke. Even after more than a century, many challenges remain unresolved, since epidemiological control and diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic methods must be improved. In particular, the efficacy and tolerability profile of therapeutic agents is far from ideal. Furthermore, the population affected is older and more complex (eg, immunosuppressed patients and patients with cancer). Nevertheless, in recent years, our knowledge of Chagas disease has expanded, and the international networking needed to change the course of this deadly disease during the 21st century has begun.
Journal Article
ما أجمل العيش من دون ثقافة ! : الثقافة كمضاد لأخطار الحماقة
يتناول كتاب \"ما أجمل العيش من دون ثقافة .. الثقافة كمضاد لأخطار الحماقة\" كيف أن العالم الرقمى بما فيه من التقنيات الجديدة، وشبكات التواصل الاجتماعي، يغير من حياتنا اليومية، وينعكس ذلك على مجالات حيوية، مثل : العمل، التعليم، والعلاقات الاجتماعية والاقتصادية ويوضح مؤلف الكتاب ثيسار أنطونيو مولينا أن هذه التحولات عززت من شعورنا بالتقييد والمراقبة، وحفزت رغباتنا في الاستهلاك، مما أدى إلى تنامي الحالة الإنعزالية، وصعوبة تشكيل وجهة نظر حيال أية قضية ويقول ثيسار أنطونيو مولينا نحن مدمنون على هذه التكنولوجيا، ونشعر بالكرب والارتباك عندما ننفصل عن تيار المحفزات المتدفق عبر الشاشات لكن كيف يمكن أن نحمي أنفسنا من شبكات التواصل الاجتماعي في ظل هذا الواقع الجديد ؟ وما هو دور الفن، والأدب، والقراءة، والمكتبات، والكتابة، والأيديولوجيات، والمعتقدات ؟ ويتساءل ثيسار أنطونيو مولينا كيف يمكننا أن نعرف الحقيقة، في الوقت الذي نحاط فيه بالأخبار الكاذبة، وبالشعبوية السياسية، وبالشعور الوهمي بالحرية والسعادة الذي يوفره لنا الإنترنت ؟ هل محكوم علينا أن نعيش في عالم من دون ثقافة، ومن دون فكر، ومن دون إدراك، في عالم تذاب فيه هوية المجتمعات في قوالب هلامية لمزيد من التضليل والتعمية ؟
Book
False-negative results of initial RT-PCR assays for COVID-19: A systematic review
A false-negative case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is defined as a person with suspected infection and an initial negative result by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test, with a positive result on a subsequent test. False-negative cases have important implications for isolation and risk of transmission of infected people and for the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We aimed to review and critically appraise evidence about the rate of RT-PCR false-negatives at initial testing for COVID-19.
We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, as well as COVID-19 repositories, including the EPPI-Centre living systematic map of evidence about COVID-19 and the Coronavirus Open Access Project living evidence database. Two authors independently screened and selected studies according to the eligibility criteria and collected data from the included studies. The risk of bias was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) tool. We calculated the proportion of false-negative test results using a multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression model. The certainty of the evidence about false-negative cases was rated using the GRADE approach for tests and strategies. All information in this article is current up to July 17, 2020.
We included 34 studies enrolling 12,057 COVID-19 confirmed cases. All studies were affected by several risks of bias and applicability concerns. The pooled estimate of false-negative proportion was highly affected by unexplained heterogeneity (tau-squared = 1.39; 90% prediction interval from 0.02 to 0.54). The certainty of the evidence was judged as very low due to the risk of bias, indirectness, and inconsistency issues.
There is substantial and largely unexplained heterogeneity in the proportion of false-negative RT-PCR results. The collected evidence has several limitations, including risk of bias issues, high heterogeneity, and concerns about its applicability. Nonetheless, our findings reinforce the need for repeated testing in patients with suspicion of SARS-Cov-2 infection given that up to 54% of COVID-19 patients may have an initial false-negative RT-PCR (very low certainty of evidence).
Protocol available on the OSF website: https://tinyurl.com/vvbgqya.
Journal Article
The NRF2 transcription factor plays a dual role in colorectal cancer: A systematic review
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, and is influenced by the interplay of various factors, including a very strong genetic component. For instance, incorrect mitochondrial biogenesis is correlated with increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. Thus, it is important to understand the consequences of changes in both the expression and the correct function of the transcription factors that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis, namely NRF2.
The main objective of this paper is to characterise the relationship between NRF2 and colorectal cancer by compiling data from an exhaustive literature search.
Information was obtained by defining specific search terms and searching in several databases. After a strict selection procedure, data were tabulated and the relationships between articles were assessed by measuring heterogeneity and by constructing conceptual maps.
We found a general consensus in the literature that the presence of oxidizing agents as well as the inhibition of the NRF2 repressor Keap1 maintain NRF2 expression at basal levels. This predominantly exerts a cytoprotective effect on cells and decreases risk of colorectal cancer. However, if NRF2 is inhibited, protection against external agents disappears and risk of colorectal cancer increases. Interestingly, colorectal cancer risk is also increased when NRF2 becomes overexpressed. In this case, the increased risk arises from NRF2-induced inflammation and resistance to chemotherapy.
The proper basal function of NRF2 and Keap1 are essential for preventing oncogenic processes in the colon. Consequently, any disruption to the expression of these genes can promote the genesis and progression of colon cancer.
Journal Article
Topological spin waves in the atomic-scale magnetic skyrmion crystal
We study the spin waves of the triangular skyrmion crystal that emerges in a two-dimensional spin lattice model as a result of the competition between Heisenberg exchange, Dzyalonshinkii-Moriya interactions, Zeeman coupling and uniaxial anisotropy. The calculated spin wave bands have a finite Berry curvature that, in some cases, leads to non-zero Chern numbers, making this system topologically distinct from conventional magnonic systems. We compute the edge spin-waves, expected from the bulk-boundary correspondence principle, and show that they are chiral, which makes them immune to elastic backscattering. Our results illustrate how topological phases can occur in self-generated emergent superlattices at the mesoscale.
Journal Article
Use of benznidazole to treat chronic Chagas disease: An updated systematic review with a meta-analysis
Approximately 6 million people worldwide are affected by Chagas disease, with many in the chronic phase of the disease (CCD). It is crucial to evaluate the effectiveness of benznidazole for CCD treatment.
We updated a meta-analysis published in 2009 up to February 2021, including controlled trials (RCT) and prospective observational studies (OBS) that compared benznidazole vs placebo/no-treatment (P/nT). Main outcomes evaluated were clinical progression (CP) and seroreversion with subgroup analysis performed according to study design and participants' age. Parasitological response and safety were also described. We identified 879 articles and selected nine for inclusion (corresponding to eight studies). After adding the nine articles from the previous meta-analysis, 17 studies were analyzed corresponding to 6640 patients. The odds ratio (OR) for seroreversion in children treated with benznidazole vs P/nT was 38.3 (95%CI: 10.7-137) and 34.9 (95%CI: 1.96-624.09) in RCT and OBS, respectively. In adults the OR for seroreversion in OBS was 17.1 (95%CI: 2.3-129.1). CP was only evaluated in adults, where benznidazole did not demonstrate a beneficial effect: OR 0.93 (95%CI: 0.8-1.1) and OR 0.49 (95%CI:0.2-1.2) for RCT and OBS, respectively. Most outcomes were deemed to have a low level of certainty, except for the beneficial effect in children and the low efficacy in adults (moderate certainty).
Benznidazole should be recommended for CCD in children, though this is only based on serological response and a moderate grade of evidence, while in adults benznidazole efficacy remains uncertain. More data on clinical efficacy of benznidazole in CCD is needed in both children and adults.
Journal Article
Ticagrelor and Aspirin or Aspirin Alone in Acute Ischemic Stroke or TIA
A trial involving 11,016 patients showed that the combination of ticagrelor and aspirin after a stroke or high-risk transient ischemic attack was better than aspirin alone in preventing a stroke or death within 30 days. Severe bleeding was rare but occurred more frequently in the dual antiplatelet group.
Journal Article
Spin-wave non-reciprocity in magnetization-graded ferromagnetic films
A theoretical approach has been developed to study the spin-wave dynamics of magnetization-graded ferromagnetic films, where the magnetic properties change along the film thickness. The theory is based on a multilayer approach, where the influence of both long-range dipolar interactions and interlayer exchange coupling between sublayers is included. This allows for instance to describe films with a continuous variation of the saturation magnetization along the thickness. A systematic study is carried out in order to analyze different profiles of the saturation magnetization, which is checked through a test of convergence. It is found that the spin-wave dispersion is significantly modified when the strength of the magnetization changes in the bulk film, where a notable frequency non-reciprocity of two counter propagating spin waves is predicted. This is associated with heterosymmetric mode profiles and a modification of the conventional quantization condition associated to perpendicular standing spin-wave modes. Micromagnetic simulations have been carried out to validate the model, where a perfect agreement is reached between both methods. These results show that magnetization-graded ferromagnetic films can be used to channel and control spin waves, thus promoting different kinds of functionalities for magnon-based devices.
Journal Article
Social mobility and healthy behaviours from a gender perspective in the Spanish multicase-control study (MCC-Spain)
There is evidence for the influence of socioeconomic status (SES) on healthy behaviours but the effect of social mobility (SM) is not yet well known. This study aims to analyse the influence of origin and destination SES (O-SES and D-SES) and SM on healthy behaviours and co-occurrence, from an integrated gender and age perspective. Data were obtained from the controls of MCC-Spain between 2008–2013 (3,606 participants). Healthy behaviours considered: healthy diet, moderate alcohol consumption, non-smoking and physical activity. SM was categorized as stable high, upward, stable medium, downward or stable low. Binary and multinomial logistic regression models were adjusted. Those aged <65, with a low O-SES, D-SES and stable low SM are less likely to have healthy behaviours in the case of both women (physically active: OR = 0.65 CI = 0.45–0.94, OR = 0.71 CI = 0.52–0.98, OR = 0.61 CI = 0.41–0.91) and men (non-smokers: OR = 0.44 CI = 0.26–0.76, OR = 0.54 CI = 0.35–0.83, OR = 0.41 CI 0.24–0.72; physically active: OR = 0.57 CI = 0.35–0.92, OR = 0.64 CI = 0.44–0.95, OR = 0.53 CI = 0.23–0.87). However, for those aged ≥65, this probability is higher in women with a low O-SES and D-SES (non-smoker: OR = 8.09 CI = 4.18–15.67, OR = 4.14 CI = 2.28–7.52; moderate alcohol consumption: OR = 3.00 CI = 1.45–6.24, OR = 2.83 CI = 1.49–5.37) and in men with a stable low SM (physically active: OR = 1.52 CI = 1.02–1.26). In the case of men, the same behaviour pattern is observed in those with a low O-SES as those with upward mobility, with a higher probability of co-occurring behaviours (three-to-four behaviours: OR = 2.00 CI = 1.22–3.29; OR = 3.13 CI = 1.31–7.48). The relationship of O-SES, D-SES and SM with healthy behaviours is complex and differs according to age and gender.
Journal Article