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Sea spray facilitates the movement of matter and energy between the ocean and the atmosphere. While many of its contributions to heat and momentum transfer are relatively well understood, the contribution to chemical exchange, particularly gas exchange, remains less well known. This study provides an estimation of sea-spray gas-exchange potential for five gases (helium, neon, argon, oxygen and nitrogen) using a chemically modified microphysical model, the Andreas Gas Exchange Spray model. This model uses the physical evolution of the sea-spray droplet and gas-exchange equilibria to estimate the potential exchange of gases attributable to spray droplets. We find that sea spray does not contribute appreciably to gas exchange of helium and neon. However, for argon, oxygen and nitrogen, at high wind speeds (above 18 m s –1 ), sea-spray-droplet-facilitated exchange could contribute substantially to gas flux and is on the same order of magnitude as the empirically constrained direct exchange across the interface. Sea spray, as a potential pathway for atmosphere–ocean gas exchange, may improve gas-exchange predictions in the high-wind scenarios that are particularly important in the Southern Ocean polar region. At high winds, above 18 metres per second, sea-spray droplets act as a pathway for atmosphere–ocean gas exchange, especially in regions such as the Southern Ocean, according to a chemically modified microphysical model.

Chronicles the rise and decline of Ontario universities from the halcyon 1960s to the Common Sense Revolution through the history of its planning association, the Council of Ontario Universities. Collective Autonomy: A History of the Council of Ontario Universities, 1962-2000 is the first full-length account of an organization that has played a major role in the development of the university system in Ontario. Edward J. Monahan served as the council's chief executive officer for over fifteen years. This is his insider's account, enhanced by archival material, of the key role the universities played in planning the high academic quality of the Ontario provincial university system. Collective Autonomy traces the evolution of Ontario universities over a period of forty years, from the halcyon days of the 1960s, during which massive injections of public funds transformed these institutions from ivory towers to public utilities, through the 1970s and '80s when universities were downgraded as a government spending priority and problems began to develop. It concludes by looking at the problems created by the \"Common Sense Revolution\" and the resulting severe cutbacks in government grants to universities. It chronicles the efforts of the universities to preserve their autonomy while expanding their service to the common good, and their efforts to maintain the delicate balance between university autonomy and public accountability.

Chronicles the rise and decline of Ontario universities from the halcyon 1960s to the Common Sense Revolution through the history of its planning association, the Council of Ontario Universities. Collective Autonomy: A History of the Council of Ontario Universities, 1962-2000 is the first full-length account of an organization that has played a major role in the development of the university system in Ontario. Edward J. Monahan served as the council’s chief executive officer for over fifteen years. This is his insider’s account, enhanced by archival material, of the key role the universities played in planning the high academic quality of the Ontario provincial university system. Collective Autonomy traces the evolution of Ontario universities over a period of forty years, from the halcyon days of the 1960s, during which massive injections of public funds transformed these institutions from ivory towers to public utilities, through the 1970s and ’80s when universities were downgraded as a government spending priority and problems began to develop. It concludes by looking at the problems created by the “Common Sense Revolution” and the resulting severe cutbacks in government grants to universities. It chronicles the efforts of the universities to preserve their autonomy while expanding their service to the common good, and their efforts to maintain the delicate balance between university autonomy and public accountability.

It is not known whether sea spray droplets can act as agents that influence air-sea gas exchange. We begin to address that question here by evaluating the time scales that govern spray-mediated air-sea gas transfer. To move between the interior of a spray droplet and the atmospheric gas reservoir, gas molecules must complete three distinct steps: (1) Gas molecules must mix between the interior surface and the deep interior of the aqueous solution droplet; time scale τaq estimates the rate of this transfer; (2) Molecules must cross the droplet’s interface; time scale τint parameterizes this transfer; and (3) The molecules must transit a “jump” layer between a spray droplet’s exterior surface and the atmospheric gas reservoir; time scale τair dictates the rate of this transfer. The same steps, in reverse order, pertain to gas molecules moving from an atmospheric reservoir to a drop’s interior. For the six most plentiful gases, excluding water vapor, in the atmosphere—helium, neon, argon, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide—τair, τint, and τaq are shorter than the time scales that quantify the rate at which a newly formed spray droplet’s temperature, radius, and salinity evolve. We therefore conclude that, following the assumptions herein, a model for spray-mediated air-sea gas exchange can assume that the gas concentration in spray droplets is always in instantaneous equilibrium with the local atmospheric gas concentration.

The air‐sea exchange of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is an important component of ocean biogeochemistry and global climate models. Both laboratory experiments and field measurements of DMS transfer rates have shown that the air‐sea flux of DMS is analogous to that of other significant greenhouse gases such as CO2 at low wind speeds (<10 m/s) but that these DMS transfer rates may diverge from other gases as wind speeds increase. Herein we provide a mechanism that predicts the attenuation of DMS transfer rates at high wind speeds. The model is based on the amphiphilic nature of DMS that leads to transfer delay at the water‐bubble interface and becomes significant at wind speeds above >10 m/s. The result is an attenuation of the dimensionless Henry's Law constant (H) where (Heff = H/(1 + (Cmix/Cw) ΦB) by a solubility enhancement Cmix/Cw, and the fraction of bubble surface area per m2 surface ocean.

Traditional methods for measuring whitecap coverage using digital video systems mounted to measure a large footprint can miss features that do not produce a high enough contrast to the background. Here, a method for accurately measuring the fractional coverage, intensity, and decay time of whitecaps using above-water radiometry is presented. The methodology was developed using data collected in the Southern Ocean under a wide range of wind and wave conditions. Whitecap quantities were obtained by employing a magnitude threshold based on the interquartile range of the radiance or reflectance signal from a single channel. Breaking intensity and decay time were produced from the integration of and the exponential fit to radiance or reflectance over the lifetime of the whitecap. When using the lowest magnitude threshold possible, radiometric fractional whitecap coverage retrievals were consistently higher than fractional coverage from high-resolution digital images, perhaps because the radiometer captures more of the decaying bubble plume area that is difficult to detect with photography. Radiometrically obtained whitecap measurements are presented in the context of concurrently measured meteorological (e.g., wind speed) and oceanographic (e.g., wave) data. The optimal fit of the radiometrically estimated whitecap coverage to the instantaneous wind speed, determined using robust linear least squares, showed a near-cubic dependence. Increasing the magnitude threshold for whitecap detection from 2 to 4 times the interquartile range produced a wind speed–whitecap relationship most comparable to the concurrently collected fractional coverage from digital imagery and previously published wind speed–whitecap parameterizations.

Hemophilia is a congenital bleeding disorder that affects nearly half a million individuals worldwide. Joint bleeding and other co-morbidities are a significant source of debilitation for this population. Current therapies are effective but must be given lifelong at regular intervals, are costly, and are available to only about 25% of the hemophilia population living in resource-rich countries. Gene therapy for hemophilia has been in development for three decades and is now entering pivotal-stage clinical trials. While many different technology platforms exist for gene therapy, all current clinical trials for hemophilia employ adeno-associated vector (AAV)-based cell transduction. This small viral particle is capable of packaging modified F8 or F9 transgenes, can be generated robustly from cell lines, and transduces several relatively end-differentiated target tissues such as the liver with high efficiency. While pre-existing neutralizing antibodies to the AAV capsid are recognized to limit current therapy, other challenges have been identified in human studies that were not seen in preclinical studies. Both liver transaminase elevations and immune-mediated loss of transgene expression have been observed in clinical trials. Toll-like receptors, cytotoxic T cells, and other components of the immune response have been implicated in the loss of factor expression, but a full understanding of the immune response awaits clarification. Despite these challenges, many patients enrolled in gene therapy trials have attained long-term expression of factors VIII and IX. This emerging technology now represents a cure for the severe bleeding and joint damage associated with hemophilia.

Whitecap bubbles and sea spray provide additional surfaces that may enhance the transfer of any quantity normally exchanged at the air-sea interface. This paper investigates the role that the air bubbles in whitecaps play in the air-sea exchange of sensible and latent heat.

Recently, Wu concluded that more air is entrained by a breaking wave in saltwater than in freshwater and that there is little difference in the sizes of the bubbles produced as a consequence of these breaking events in salt- and freshwater. Monahan's most recent work has led him to just the opposite findings from those set forth in Wu's note.