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"Monestès, Jean-Louis"
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Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health: An international study
The COVID-19 pandemic triggered vast governmental lockdowns. The impact of these lockdowns on mental health is inadequately understood. On the one hand such drastic changes in daily routines could be detrimental to mental health. On the other hand, it might not be experienced negatively, especially because the entire population was affected.
The aim of this study was to determine mental health outcomes during pandemic induced lockdowns and to examine known predictors of mental health outcomes. We therefore surveyed n = 9,565 people from 78 countries and 18 languages. Outcomes assessed were stress, depression, affect, and wellbeing. Predictors included country, sociodemographic factors, lockdown characteristics, social factors, and psychological factors.
Results indicated that on average about 10% of the sample was languishing from low levels of mental health and about 50% had only moderate mental health. Importantly, three consistent predictors of mental health emerged: social support, education level, and psychologically flexible (vs. rigid) responding. Poorer outcomes were most strongly predicted by a worsening of finances and not having access to basic supplies.
These results suggest that on whole, respondents were moderately mentally healthy at the time of a population-wide lockdown. The highest level of mental health difficulties were found in approximately 10% of the population. Findings suggest that public health initiatives should target people without social support and those whose finances worsen as a result of the lockdown. Interventions that promote psychological flexibility may mitigate the impact of the pandemic.
Journal Article
Development, psychometric evaluation, and factor analysis of an instrument measuring quality of life in autistic preschoolers
Introduction Early interventions for autistic children should target their quality of life (QoL) but require adapted measures. The association of a child's temperament and parental characteristics with the QoL of autistic children remains unknown. Methods We constructed an autism module based on a thematic analysis, a Delphi survey with experts, and a pre‐test with parents to be completed alongside the proxy version of the PedsQL 4.0. We explored compliance, responsiveness, internal consistency, convergent validity, and factor structure with 157 parents of autistic preschool children. We examined the association between child and parental characteristics with the QoL of autistic children using correlation analysis, principal component analysis, hierarchical ascending classification, and linear regression. Sociodemographic information was collected via multiple choice questions, autism severity via Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) scores, and parental acceptance and child's temperament via the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire and the Emotionality, Activity, and Sociability. Results An autism module comprised of 27 items emerged. Psychometric evaluation resulted in a 24‐item autism module with good internal consistency and significant convergent validity. ADOS total score was not significantly related to QoL, contrary to children's sleep issues, children's emotionality, and parental acceptance. Conclusions The autism module is a reliable QoL proxy measure for autistic preschool children. Results suggest parental interventions targeting children's QoL.
Journal Article
\Buying Into Thoughts\: Validation of a French Translation of the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire
This research reports the psychometric properties of a French version of the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ). Cognitive fusion is 1 of the central concepts of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), a form of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT). Cognitive fusion is defined as the excessive dominance of verbal or cognitive events on behaviour, relative to other sources of behavioural influence. Cognitive fusion is characterised by entanglement in thinking, taking thoughts literally and viewing them as highly believable or factually accurate. Despite the relevance of cognitive fusion, very few instruments are available for the clinician and researcher, and none are yet available in French. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to translate and validate the CFQ among different samples of French-speaking individuals. Results across 3 samples (e.g., 2 undergraduate samples, 1 chronic pain sample from the community) show good support of the CFQ's factor structure, internal consistency, as well as concurrent and convergent validity. The results are discussed in terms of the potential uses of the CFQ for research and clinical purposes.
Résumé
Cette étude rapporte les propriétés psychométriques d'une version française du Questionnaire de fusion cognitive (Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire; CFQ). La fusion cognitive est l'un des concepts centraux de la thérapie d'acceptation et d'engagement (acceptance and commitment therapy; ACT), une forme de thérapie cognitive et comportementale (TCC). La fusion cognitive se définit comme la domination excessive des événements verbaux ou cognitifs sur le comportement, en comparaison à d'autres sources d'influence comportementale. Elle est caractérisée par un enchevêtrement dans les pensées, par le fait de prendre ses pensées à la lettre ou pour une vérité. Malgré la pertinence du concept de fusion cognitive, très peu d'instruments sont disponibles pour le clinicien et le chercheur, et aucun encore en français. Ainsi, le but de cette étude est de traduire et valider le CFQ (Gillanders et al., 2014) au sein de différents échantillons d'individus francophones. Les résultats auprès de trois échantillons (deux échantillons universitaires et un échantillon d'adultes souffrant de douleur chronique dans la communauté) démontrent de bons indices quant à la structure factorielle du CFQ, la cohérence interne, ainsi que les validités concurrente et convergente. Les résultats sont discutés en termes des potentielles utilisations du CFQ en clinique et en recherche.
Journal Article
Predictors of changing patterns of adherence to containment measures during the early stage of COVID-19 pandemic: an international longitudinal study
Background
Identifying common factors that affect public adherence to COVID-19 containment measures can directly inform the development of official public health communication strategies. The present international longitudinal study aimed to examine whether prosociality, together with other theoretically derived motivating factors (self-efficacy, perceived susceptibility and severity of COVID-19, perceived social support) predict the change in adherence to COVID-19 containment strategies.
Method
In wave 1 of data collection, adults from eight geographical regions completed online surveys beginning in April 2020, and wave 2 began in June and ended in September 2020. Hypothesized predictors included prosociality, self-efficacy in following COVID-19 containment measures, perceived susceptibility to COVID-19, perceived severity of COVID-19 and perceived social support. Baseline covariates included age, sex, history of COVID-19 infection and geographical regions. Participants who reported adhering to specific containment measures, including physical distancing, avoidance of non-essential travel and hand hygiene, were classified as adherence. The dependent variable was the category of adherence, which was constructed based on changes in adherence across the survey period and included four categories: non-adherence, less adherence, greater adherence and sustained adherence (which was designated as the reference category).
Results
In total, 2189 adult participants (82% female, 57.2% aged 31–59 years) from East Asia (217 [9.7%]), West Asia (246 [11.2%]), North and South America (131 [6.0%]), Northern Europe (600 [27.4%]), Western Europe (322 [14.7%]), Southern Europe (433 [19.8%]), Eastern Europe (148 [6.8%]) and other regions (96 [4.4%]) were analyzed. Adjusted multinomial logistic regression analyses showed that prosociality, self-efficacy, perceived susceptibility and severity of COVID-19 were significant factors affecting adherence. Participants with greater self-efficacy at wave 1 were less likely to become non-adherence at wave 2 by 26% (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.74; 95% CI, 0.71 to 0.77;
P
< .001), while those with greater prosociality at wave 1 were less likely to become less adherence at wave 2 by 23% (aOR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.75 to 0.79;
P
= .04).
Conclusions
This study provides evidence that in addition to emphasizing the potential severity of COVID-19 and the potential susceptibility to contact with the virus, fostering self-efficacy in following containment strategies and prosociality appears to be a viable public health education or communication strategy to combat COVID-19.
Journal Article
Assessing Perspective Taking in Schizophrenia Using Relational Frame Theory
The current study assessed deictic relational responding in people with schizophrenia. A perspective-taking task and a mental states attribution task were employed with a sample of 15 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and 15 age-matched controls. Results revealed poorer performance of participants with schizophrenia in responding in accordance with deictic frames at the highest levels of relational complexity, while no difference appeared between the two groups on simple perspective taking. In addition, a significant deficit emerged on the mental states attribution task. Group effects remained significant after controlling for IQ. Furthermore, performance on complex deictic responding was a strong predictor of accuracy on the mental states attribution task in both groups, thus supporting the RFT approach to theory of mind. These findings suggest the relevance of conceptualizing mental states attribution in terms of relational responding for the understanding and remediation of deficits linked to schizophrenia.
Journal Article
Patterns of Psychological Responses among the Public during the Early Phase of COVID-19: A Cross-Regional Analysis
This study aimed to compare the mediation of psychological flexibility, prosociality and coping in the impacts of illness perceptions toward COVID-19 on mental health among seven regions. Convenience sampled online survey was conducted between April and June 2020 from 9130 citizens in 21 countries. Illness perceptions toward COVID-19, psychological flexibility, prosociality, coping and mental health, socio-demographics, lockdown-related variables and COVID-19 status were assessed. Results showed that psychological flexibility was the only significant mediator in the relationship between illness perceptions toward COVID-19 and mental health across all regions (all ps = 0.001–0.021). Seeking social support was the significant mediator across subgroups (all ps range = <0.001–0.005) except from the Hong Kong sample (p = 0.06) and the North and South American sample (p = 0.53). No mediation was found for problem-solving (except from the Northern European sample, p = 0.009). Prosociality was the significant mediator in the Hong Kong sample (p = 0.016) and the Eastern European sample (p = 0.008). These findings indicate that fostering psychological flexibility may help to mitigate the adverse mental impacts of COVID-19 across regions. Roles of seeking social support, problem-solving and prosociality vary across regions.
Journal Article
Mental Health and Adherence to COVID-19 Protective Behaviors among Cancer Patients during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An International, Multinational Cross-Sectional Study
A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted during the first COVID-19 wave, to examine the impact of COVID-19 on mental health using an anonymous online survey, enrolling 9565 individuals in 78 countries. The current sub-study examined the impact of the pandemic and the associated lockdown measures on the mental health, and protective behaviors of cancer patients in comparison to non-cancer participants. Furthermore, 264 participants from 30 different countries reported being cancer patients. The median age was 51.5 years, 79.9% were female, and 28% had breast cancer. Cancer participants reported higher self-efficacy to follow recommended national guidelines regarding COVID-19 protective behaviors compared to non-cancer participants (p < 0.01). They were less stressed (p < 0.01), more psychologically flexible (p < 0.01), and had higher levels of positive affect compared to non-cancer participants. Amongst cancer participants, the majority (80.3%) reported COVID-19, not their cancer, as their priority during the first wave of the pandemic and females reported higher levels of stress compared to males. In conclusion, cancer participants appeared to have handled the unpredictable nature of the first wave of the pandemic efficiently, with a positive attitude towards an unknown and otherwise frightening situation. Larger, cancer population specific and longitudinal studies are warranted to ensure adequate medical and psychological care for cancer patients.
Journal Article
Relationships between schizotypy and subjective experiences in a sample of 399 university students
The high-risk approach based on the definition of schizotypy by Meehl (The American Psychologist 1962;17:827-38) and the basic symptom approach proposed by Huber (Fortschritte für Neurologie und Psychiatrie 1957;25:491-520) share many points in common. In particular, several studies have shown that high scores on psychosis proneness or subjective experiences (SE) scales were associated with the onset of psychotic disorders in nonpsychiatric or nonpsychotic subjects. However, the relationships between the 2 concepts have never been studied experimentally. The present study was therefore designed to investigate the relationships between the scores of the SE scale and several psychosis proneness scales evaluating the negative and positive components of schizotypy in a sample of 399 university students. Data were analyzed using multiple regression and principal components analyses. The results show that SE, as assessed by the Frankfurt Complaint Questionnaire, were significantly associated with the positive component of schizotypy but not with the negative component. Subjective experiences could constitute vulnerability traits for psychosis and the Frankfurt Complaint Questionnaire could be use instead of the positive psychosis proneness scales.
Journal Article
Relationship between anticipatory, consummatory anhedonia and disorganization in schizotypy
Background
The disorganized and negative dimensions of schizotypy are characterized by cognitive disorganization and anhedonia, respectively. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationships between these two dimensions of schizotypy by taking into account ambivalence and the distinction between consummatory and anticipatory anhedonia.
Methods
Dimensional analysis and categorical analysis were performed on two different samples (N = 400 and 399) of university students. Self-reported scales were used to measure cognitive disorganization, anticipatory and consummatory anhedonia, and ambivalence. Dimensional analysis using confirmatory factorial analysis examined various models of disorganized and negative schizotypy and categorical analysis compared the scores on anticipatory, consummatory anhedonia and ambivalence scales between various groups of subjects presenting either disorganized schizotypy or negative schizotypy or free of schizotypy.
Results
The disorganized dimension of schizotypy was characterized by schizotypal ambivalence and anticipatory anhedonia, while the negative dimension of schizotypy was characterized by anticipatory and consummatory anhedonia.
Conclusion
The results suggested firstly that ambivalence was not specific of disorganized schizotypy and secondly that anticipatory anhedonia was not specific of negative schizotypy.
Journal Article