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The Zeeman effect has been routinely used to image and quantify the solar photospheric magnetic field (B). Such a direct measuring technique is not yet available for the corona (Lin et al. 2004). Since almost all transient nonthermal radio emissions from the corona are either partially or fully circularly polarized, observing their polarization signatures over broad frequency ranges would be of help to estimate B as a function of heliocentric height. This article aims to describe the design and development of a Cross-polarized Log-Periodic Dipole Antenna (CLPDA), an integral part of a radio spectro-polarimeter, which works in the 50–500 MHz frequency-range and to explain the tests that were carried out to characterize it. The above frequency range corresponds to a heliocentric height range ≈1.03 < r < 2.5 R ⊙ (R ⊙ = photospheric radius), wherein the numerous coronal nonthermal transients associated with space-weather effects are observed to originate. The CLPDA is used to determine the strength and sense of polarization of the received radio signal. The uncertainty involved in the determination depends on the polarization-isolation (PI) between the two orthogonal components of a CLPDA. Some of the recent advancements made in the antenna design concepts at high frequencies (∼GHz) were adopted to reduce the PI at low frequencies (∼MHz). Throughout the above frequency range, the CLPDA has a gain, return loss, and PI of ≈6.6 dBi, ≲−10 dB, and ≲−27 dB, respectively. The average PI of the CLPDA varies from −30 to −24 dB over an azimuthal angle range 0° to ±45° within which the observations are performed regularly.

On 21 April 2023, a significant M1.7 solar flare erupted from Active Region 13283, accompanied by a filament eruption and a full-halo Coronal Mass Ejection, which reached Earth on 23 April, triggering a severe geomagnetic storm, with Kp reaching 8 (G4) and Dst plummeting to −212 nT together with a sharply distinguished long-lasting negative double-dip behavior of the z -component of the interplanetary magnetic field. This event led to remarkable auroral displays, even at mid-latitudes in Europe. The flare-induced filament eruption caused distinct intensity dimming in the solar corona, observed in specific EUV wavelengths. We observed the dimming region growing at its fastest rate before the flare reached its peak of intensity. Notably, the proximity of the flare to a large southern coronal hole influenced the expansion and propagation of the coronal mass ejection toward Earth, probably impacting the solar wind speed and density. Additionally, we observed a sudden expansion of the coronal hole during the flare, leading us to speculating that the adjacent flare may have further stimulated the flow of solar-wind particles along the open magnetic-field lines. In accordance with the severe Dst-index disturbance, we also report changes in the potential of the pipeline of an Italian energy infrastructure company with respect to the surrounding soil as well as double-dip variation in the H-component of the terrestial magnetic field observed locally (reminiscent to what reported in Dst-index and IMF B z ) temporal profiles, confirming the effects of the geomagnetic storm at Italy mid-latitudes. Several solar radio events have been observed too. Therefore this study provides insights into the dynamic solar phenomena and their potential geomagnetic implications.

We present evidence of the first detection of the radio signature at metric wavelengths of the strong compression between a helmet streamer (HS) and the boundary of a coronal hole (CH) using radio observations from the Callisto MEXICO-LANCE and ALASKA-HAARP systems and white-light observations obtained by the STEREO-A/COR1-COR2 coronagraphs. The event occurred very close to the Sun (∼3.4 solar radii) and produced an intense and unusually broad drifting radio feature at metric wavelengths after a downward-drifting band of emission related to a metric Type II radio burst. The compression is caused by the interaction between an expanding structure (coronal mass ejection/shock) and the HS against the CH boundary. Observations in white light show a sharp compressive feature that propagates radially outward, while STEREO-A/EUVI images show loop oscillations at the same position angle, indicating that the interaction occurs across a range of heights. The loop oscillations cease when the compressive front loses its sharp boundary. This transition indicates a reduction of the density compression at the front and the cessation of the radio emission.

Radio spectrometers of the CALLISTO type to observe solar flares have been distributed to nine locations around the globe. The instruments observe automatically, their data is collected every day via internet and stored in a central data base. A public web-interface exists through which data can be browsed and retrieved. The nine instruments form a network called e-CALLISTO. It is still growing in the number of stations, as redundancy is desirable for full 24 h coverage of the solar radio emission in the meter and low decimeter band. The e-CALLISTO system has already proven to be a valuable new tool for monitoring solar activity and for space weather research.

The National Laboratory of Space Weather in Mexico (Laboratorio Nacional de Clima Espacial: LANCE) coordinates instrumentation for monitoring the space-weather impact over Mexico. Two of these instruments are the Mexican Array Radio Telescope (MEXART) and Compound Astronomical Low frequency Low cost Instrument for Spectroscopy and Transportable Observatory (CALLISTO) station of the e-CALLISTO network (CALLMEX). Both instruments are located at the same facility (Coeneo Michoacan, Mexico) and share a spectral band centered at 140 MHz. In this work, we show the capabilities of the e-CALLISTO network as support to identify a solar radio burst in the signal of the MEXART radiotelescope. We identified 75 solar radio bursts in the MEXART signal: five events of Type II and 70 of Type III between September 2015 and May 2019. The analysis of solar radio bursts in the MEXART signal provides us valuable information about the development of the radio event due to their high sensitivity, time resolution, and isotropic response. In the case of Type-III solar radio events, we identify four characteristic phases in the dynamical evolution of the signal at 140 MHz: a pre-phase, a main peak, a decay phase, and a post-event phase. A Morlet wave transform was done of MEXART signals in the Type-III solar radio busts; in their spectra, a pine tree structure was identified preceding the main event in the time series. These characteristics are not observable in the data from the e-CALLISTO network.

The Rosse Solar-Terrestrial Observatory (RSTO; www.rosseobservatory.ie ) was established at Birr Castle, Co. Offaly, Ireland (53°05′38.9″, 7°55′12.7″) in 2010 to study solar radio bursts and the response of the Earth’s ionosphere and geomagnetic field. To date, three Compound Astronomical Low-cost Low-frequency Instrument for Spectroscopy in Transportable Observatory (CALLISTO) spectrometers have been installed, with the capability of observing in the frequency range of 10 – 870 MHz. The receivers are fed simultaneously by biconical and log-periodic antennas. Nominally, frequency spectra in the range of 10 – 400 MHz are obtained with four sweeps per second over 600 channels. Here, we describe the RSTO solar radio spectrometer set-up, and present dynamic spectra of samples of type II, III and IV radio bursts. In particular, we describe the fine-scale structure observed in type II bursts, including band splitting and rapidly varying herringbone features.

Investigations related to the impact caused by solar radio burst emissions on space weather forecasting and human activities have been ongoing for a long time. Solar activities based on radio spectra are recorded by using a radio spectrometer from ground Earth. Currently, manual observations are conducted for burst detection using the Compound Astronomical Low-Cost Low-Frequency Instrument for Spectroscopy and Transportable Observatory (CALLISTO) spectrometer that is able to generate more than one thousand spectra a day at each station. This Burst-Finder was developed to automatically detect the presence of solar radio bursts from the spectra using MATLAB. This study processed 1491 CALLISTO spectra images from 31 stations on 11 February 2014, in which Type II and Type III burst occurrences were detected. The success rate for burst detection was about 89%. This automated system offers CALLISTO uses an effortless and hassle-free tool for burst detection in order to monitor solar bursts during a complete cycle of 11 years.

The instability of the Sun’s magnetic field can ignite many eruptive events on the solar surface, including flares, coronal mass ejections, and prominence eruptions. The inner heliosphere environment is affected, and consequently, these events are said to contribute to the celestial weather change. As one of the many eruptive events, a solar flare is of the most frequent due to the magnetic reconnection process in which the accelerated electrons from the reconnection sites escape into the interplanetary space and cause solar radio bursts type III (SRBT III). When it is observed near the Earth, this SRBT III is in the form of radio dynamics spectrum; thus, monitoring this spectrum is vital to the further analysis of the said SRBT III. In this paper, we investigate the background levels: short and long periods of the CALLISTO instruments from two different stations where for each site, a 10-day background-level observation is randomly selected. For the purpose of this study, the mean differences and coefficient of variation (CV) distributions for every frequency channel are determined where most of the frequency channels have displayed small mean differences between these two background levels: short and long periods and the CV distributions as well. These short-period observations, within 15 min of the background levels, are found significant enough to warrant further analysis of the solar radio bursts detected by the CALLISTO instruments.

The e-CALLISTO (Compound Astronomical Low-cost Low-frequency Instrument for Spectroscopy and Transportable Observatory) is a worldwide radio-spectrograph network with 24 hours a day solar radio burst monitoring. The e-CALLISTO network is led by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ Zurich), which work up collaborations with local host institutions. In 2013 the University of Alcalá joined the e-CALLISTO network with the installation of two Solar Radio Telescopes (SRT): the EA4RKU-SRT that was located at the University of Alcalá from January 2013 till June 2013 and the Melibea-SRT that is located at Peralejos de las Truchas (Guadalajara) in operation from June 2013. The Spanish e-Callisto SRTs provide routine data to the network. We present examples of type III and type II radio-bursts observed by Melibea during its first year of operation and study their relation with soft X-ray flares observed by GOES and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) and Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) events observed by space-borne instrumentation.

The Sun is an ideal object of a blackbody with a large and complex magnetic field. In solar activity specifically solar flare phenomenon, the magnetic reconnection is one of the most significant factors of the Sun that can simplify a better understanding of our nearest star. This factor is due to the motion of the plasma and other particles through the convection mechanism inside the Sun. In our work, we will highlight one of the solar burst events that associated with solar flares. This event occurred on 13th November 2012 from 2:00:03 UT till 2:00:06 UT. It peaked with M2.0 solar flare at 2.04 UT. Within short time intervals of about l02 ~ 103s, large quantities of energy of 1022 ~ 1026J are emancipated. The changing magnetic field converts magnetic potential energy into kinetic energy by accelerating plasmas in the solar corona. It is believed that the plasma is channelled by the magnetic field up and away from the Sun. It is also accelerated back down along the magnetic field into the chromosphere. In conclusion, we showed that the structure of the solar radio burst type III is an indicator of a starting point of magnetic reconnection.