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Objective: To describe the prevalence of eating disorders symptoms among classical ballet dancers. Methods: This is an analytical, observational, cross-sectional study, conducted in 2009, that investigated eating disorder symptoms using the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) and Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh (BITE). The body image of the study population was assessed by the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). In addition, the anthropometric assessment was performed - measurement of weight, height and skin folds, calculation of body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage. Results: Of all the 139 female adolescents assessed, 4.4% (n=6) had nutrition problems and 23% (n=23) presented abnormal values of body fat. The analysis of the EAT concluded that 12.3% (n=17) of the girls presented positive results for anorexia nervosa (AN). The BITE results showed that 13.7% (n=19) of the girls had unusual eating habits and 6.5% (n=9) presented subclinical bulimia nervosa (BN). As for severity, 3.6% (n=5) of the girls presented clinically significant results and 1.4% (n=2) were diagnosed with high severity. Concerning the results of the BSQ, 15.7% (n=21) of the girls were slightly concerned about body image; 5.2% (n=7) were moderately worried, and 6.7% (n=9) were severely concerned about it. Conclusion: This study did not diagnose the occurrence of eating disorders but found symptoms of AN (Anorexia Nervosa) and BN (Bulimia Nervosa). Its main purpose was to alert about the prevalence of the possible development of eating disorders due to the influences of the environment where the teenagers are inserted - under a model defined by the classic ballet dance and the psychological turmoil of adolescence. Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência de sintomas de transtornos alimentares (TAs) em bailarinas clássicas adolescentes. Métodos: Estudo observacional, transversal e analítico, realizado em 2009, cujos sintomas de TAs foram investigados aplicando-se os testes Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) e Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh (BITE). A avaliação da imagem corporal da população estudada se deu pelo Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). Além disso, foi realizada avaliação antropométrica - aferição de peso, estatura e pregas cutâneas, cálculo do índice de massa corporal (IMC) e percentual de gordura corporal. Resultados: Das 139 adolescentes avaliadas, os desvios nutricionais estavam presentes em 4,4% (n=6); e 23% (n=32) apresentaram percentual de gordura anormal. A análise do EAT concluiu que 12,3% (n=17) apresentaram resultados positivos para a anorexia nervosa (AN). Diante dos resultados do BITE, identificou-se que 13,7% (n=19) apresentam hábito alimentar não usual e 6,5% (n=9) refletem quadro subclínico de bulimia nervosa (BN). Com relação à gravidade, 3,6% (n=5) apresentaram resultado significativo clinicamente e 1,4% (n=2), de alta gravidade. Ao avaliar o BSQ, 15,7% (n=21) encontravam-se levemente preocupadas com a imagem corporal; 5,2% (n=7), moderadamente; e 6,7% (n=9), extremamente preocupadas. Conclusão: O estudo não diagnosticou a presença de TAs, mas verificou a existência de sintomas de anorexia e bulimia nervosa. Ele teve como principal intuito alertar sobre a prevalência do possível desenvolvimento de TAs diante das interferências do meio em que essas adolescentes convivem, sob o modelo definido pelo balé clássico e as perturbações comuns na fase da adolescência. Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia de síntomas de trastornos alimentarios (Tas) en bailarinas clásicas adolescentes. Métodos: Estudio observacional, trasversal y analítico realizado en 2009 cuyos síntomas de TAs fueron investigados con la aplicación de las pruebas Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) y Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh (BITE). La evaluación de la imagen corporal de la población estudiada se dio por el Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). Además, fue realizada la evaluación antropométrica - medición del peso, altura y pliegues cutáneos, cálculo del índice de masa corporal (IMC) y porcentual de grasa corporal. Resultados: De las 139 adolescentes evaluadas los desvíos nutricionales estaban presentes en el 4,4% (n=6); y el 23% (n=32) presentaron porcentual de grasa anormal. El análisis del EAT concluyó que el 12,3% (n=17) presentaron resultados positivos para la anorexia nerviosa (NA). Delante de los resultados del BITE se identificó que el 13,7% (n=19) presentan la costumbre alimentaria no usual y el 6,5% (n=9) reflejan cuadro subclínico de bulimia nerviosa (BN). Respecto a la gravedad, el 3,6% (n=5) presentaron resultado clínicamente significativo y el 1,4% (n=2) de alta gravedad. Al evaluar el BSQ, el 15,7% (n=21) se encontró levemente preocupadas con la imagen corporal; el 5,2% (n=7) moderadamente y el 6,7% (n=9) extremadamente preocupadas. Conclusión: El estudio no diagnostico la presencia de TAs pero verifico la existencia de síntomas de anorexia y bulimia nerviosa. Él tuvo como principal objetivo alertar sobre la prevalencia del posible desarrollo de TAs delante de las interferencias del medio en que las adolescentes conviven bajo el modelo definido por el ballet clásico y las perturbaciones comunes de la fase de adolescencia.

Objective: To describe the prevalence of eating disorders symptoms among classical ballet dancers. Methods: This is an analytical, observational, cross-sectional study, conducted in 2009, that investigated eating disorder symptoms using the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) and Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh (BITE). The body image of the study population was assessed by the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). In addition, the anthropometric assessment was performed – measurement of weight, height and skin folds, calculation of body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage. Results: Of all the 139 emale adolescents assessed, 4.4% (n=6) had nutrition problems and 23% (n=23) presented abnormal values of body fat. The analysis of the EAT concluded that 12.3% (n=17) of the girls presented positive results for anorexia nervosa (AN). The BITE results showed that 13.7% (n=19) ofthe girls had unusual eating habits and 6.5% (n=9) presented subclinical bulimia nervosa (BN). As for severity, 3.6% (n=5) of the girls presented clinically significant results and 1.4% (n=2) were diagnosed with high severity. Concerning the results of the BSQ, 15.7% (n=21) of the girls were slightly concerned about body image; 5.2% (n=7) were moderately worried, and 6.7% (n=9) were severely concerned about it. Conclusion: This study did not diagnose the occurrence of eating disorders but found symptoms of AN (Anorexia Nervosa) and BN (Bulimia Nervosa). Its main purpose was to alert about the prevalence of the possible development of eating disorders due to the influences of the environment where the teenagers are inserted – under a model defined by the classic ballet dance and the psychological turmoil of adolescence.

Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência de sintomas de transtornos alimentares (TAs) em bailarinas clássicas adolescentes. Métodos: Estudo observacional, transversal e analítico, realizado em 2009, cujos sintomas de TAs foram investigados aplicando-se os testes Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) e Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh (BITE). A avaliação da imagem corporal da população estudada se deu pelo Body Shape Questionnaire(BSQ). Além disso, foi realizada avaliação antropométrica - aferição de peso, estatura e pregas cutâneas, cálculo do índice de massa corporal (IMC) e percentual de gordura corporal. Resultados: Das 139 adolescentes avaliadas, os desvios nutricionais estavam presentes em 4,4% (n=6); e 23% (n=32) apresentaram percentual de gordura anormal. A análise do EAT concluiu que 12,3% (n=17) apresentaram resultados positivos para a anorexia nervosa (AN). Diante dos resultados do BITE, identificou-se que 13,7% (n=19) apresentam hábito alimentar não usual e 6,5% (n=9) refletem quadro subclínico de bulimia nervosa (BN). Com relação à gravidade, 3,6% (n=5) apresentaram resultado significativo clinicamente e 1,4% (n=2), de alta gravidade. Ao avaliar o BSQ, 15,7% (n=21) encontravam-se levemente preocupadas com a imagem corporal; 5,2% (n=7), moderadamente; e 6,7% (n=9), extremamente preocupadas. Conclusão: O estudo não diagnosticou a presença de TAs, mas verificou a existência de sintomas de anorexia e bulimia nervosa. Ele teve como principal intuito alertar sobre a prevalência do possível desenvolvimento de TAs diante das interferências do meio em que essas adolescentes convivem, sob o modelo definido pelo balé clássico e as perturbações comuns na fase da adolescência. Objective: To describe the prevalence of eating disorders symptoms among classical ballet dancers. Methods: This is an analytical, observational, cross-sectional study, conducted in 2009, that investigated eating disorder symptoms using the Eating Attitudes Test(EAT-26) and Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh (BITE). The body image of the study population was assessed by the Body Shape Questionnaire(BSQ). In addition, the anthropometric assessment was performed - measurement of weight, height and skin folds, calculation of body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage. Results: Of all the 139 female adolescents assessed, 4.4% (n=6) had nutrition problems and 23% (n=23) presented abnormal values of body fat. The analysis of the EAT concluded that 12.3% (n=17) of the girls presented positive results for anorexia nervosa (AN). The BITE results showed that 13.7% (n=19) of the girls had unusual eating habits and 6.5% (n=9) presented subclinical bulimia nervosa (BN). As for severity, 3.6% (n=5) of the girls presented clinically significant results and 1.4% (n=2) were diagnosed with high severity. Concerning the results of the BSQ, 15.7% (n=21) of the girls were slightly concerned about body image; 5.2% (n=7) were moderately worried, and 6.7% (n=9) were severely concerned about it. Conclusion: This study did not diagnose the occurrence of eating disorders but found symptoms of AN (Anorexia Nervosa) and BN (Bulimia Nervosa). Its main purpose was to alert about the prevalence of the possible development of eating disorders due to the influences of the environment where the teenagers are inserted - under a model defined by the classic ballet dance and the psychological turmoil of adolescence. Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia de síntomas de trastornos alimentarios (Tas) en bailarinas clásicas adolescentes. Métodos: Estudio observacional, trasversal y analítico realizado en 2009 cuyos síntomas de TAs fueron investigados con la aplicación de las pruebas Eating Attitudes Test(EAT-26) y Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh (BITE). La evaluación de la imagen corporal de la población estudiada se dio por el Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). Además, fue realizada la evaluación antropométrica - medición del peso, altura y pliegues cutáneos, cálculo del índice de masa corporal (IMC) y porcentual de grasa corporal. Resultados: De las 139 adolescentes evaluadas los desvíos nutricionales estaban presentes en el 4,4% (n=6); y el 23% (n=32) presentaron porcentual de grasa anormal. El análisis del EAT concluyó que el 12,3% (n=17) presentaron resultados positivos para la anorexia nerviosa (NA). Delante de los resultados del BITE se identificó que el 13,7% (n=19) presentan la costumbre alimentaria no usual y el 6,5% (n=9) reflejan cuadro subclínico de bulimia nerviosa (BN). Respecto a la gravedad, el 3,6% (n=5) presentaron resultado clínicamente significativo y el 1,4% (n=2) de alta gravedad. Al evaluar el BSQ, el 15,7% (n=21) se encontró levemente preocupadas con la imagen corporal; el 5,2% (n=7) moderadamente y el 6,7% (n=9) extremadamente preocupad Conclusión: El estudio no diagnostico la presencia de TAs pero verifico la existencia de síntomas de anorexia y bulimia nerviosa. Él tuvo como principal objetivo alertar sobre la prevalencia del posible desarrollo de TAs delante de las interferencias del medio en que las adolescentes conviven bajo el modelo definido por el ballet clásico y las perturbaciones comunes de la fase de adolescencia.

Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência de sintomas de transtornos alimentares (TAs) em bailarinas clássicas adolescentes. Métodos: Estudo observacional, transversal e analítico, realizado em 2009, cujos sintomas de TAs foram investigados aplicando-se os testes Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) e Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh (BITE). A avaliação da imagem corporal da população estudada se deu pelo Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). Além disso, foi realizada avaliação antropométrica – aferição de peso, estatura e pregas cutâneas, cálculo do índice de massa corporal (IMC) e percentual de gordura corporal. Resultados: Das 139 adolescentes avaliadas, os desvios nutricionais estavam presentes em 4,4% (n=6); e 23% (n=32) apresentaram percentual de gordura anormal. A análise do EAT concluiu que 12,3% (n=17) apresentaram resultados positivos para a anorexia nervosa (AN). Diante dos resultados do BITE, identificou-se que 13,7% (n=19) apresentam hábito alimentar não usual e 6,5% (n=9) refletem quadro subclínico de bulimia nervosa (BN). Com relação à gravidade, 3,6% (n=5) apresentaram resultado significativo clinicamente e 1,4% (n=2), de alta gravidade. Ao avaliar o BSQ, 15,7% (n=21) encontravam-se levemente preocupadas com a imagem corporal; 5,2% (n=7), moderadamente; e 6,7% (n=9), extremamente preocupadas. Conclusão: O estudo não diagnosticou a presença de TAs, mas verificou a existência de sintomas de anorexia e bulimia nervosa. Ele teve como principal intuito alertar sobre a prevalência do possível desenvolvimento de TAs diante das interferências do meio em que essas adolescentes convivem, sob o modelo definido pelo balé clássico e as perturbações comuns na fase da adolescência. doi:10.5020/18061230.2013.p396 Objective: To describe the prevalence of eating disorders symptoms among classical ballet dancers. Methods: This is an analytical, observational, cross-sectional study, conducted in 2009, that investigated eating disorder symptoms using the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) and Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh (BITE). The body image of the study population was assessed by the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). In addition, the anthropometric assessment was performed – measurement of weight, height and skin folds, calculation of body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage. Results: Of all the 139 emale adolescents assessed, 4.4% (n=6) had nutrition problems and 23% (n=23) presented abnormal values of body fat. The analysis of the EAT concluded that 12.3% (n=17) of the girls presented positive results for anorexia nervosa (AN). The BITE results showed that 13.7% (n=19) ofthe girls had unusual eating habits and 6.5% (n=9) presented subclinical bulimia nervosa (BN). As for severity, 3.6% (n=5) of the girls presented clinically significant results and 1.4% (n=2) were diagnosed with high severity. Concerning the results of the BSQ, 15.7% (n=21) of the girls were slightly concerned about body image; 5.2% (n=7) were moderately worried, and 6.7% (n=9) were severely concerned about it. Conclusion: This study did not diagnose the occurrence of eating disorders but found symptoms of AN (Anorexia Nervosa) and BN (Bulimia Nervosa). Its main purpose was to alert about the prevalence of the possible development of eating disorders due to the influences of the environment where the teenagers are inserted – under a model defined by the classic ballet dance and the psychological turmoil of adolescence. doi:10.5020/18061230.2013.p396 Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia de síntomas de trastornos alimentarios (Tas) en bailarinas clásicas adolescentes. Métodos: Estudio observacional, trasversal y analítico realizado en 2009 cuyos síntomas de TAs fueron investigados con la aplicación de las pruebas Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) y Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh (BITE). La evaluación de la imagen corporal de la población estudiada se dio por el Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). Además, fue realizada la evaluación antropométrica – medición del peso, altura y pliegues cutáneos, cálculo Del índice de masa corporal (IMC) y porcentual de grasa corporal. Resultados: De las 139 adolescentes evaluadas los desvios nutricionales estaban presentes en el 4,4% (n=6); y el 23% (n=32) presentaron porcentual de grasa anormal. El análisis del EAT concluyó que el 12,3% (n=17) presentaron resultados positivos para la anorexia nerviosa (NA). Delante de los resultados Del BITE se identificó que el 13,7% (n=19) presentan la costumbre alimentaria no usual y el 6,5% (n=9) reflejan cuadro subclínico de bulimia nerviosa (BN). Respecto a la gravedad, el 3,6% (n=5) presentaron resultado clínicamente significativo y el 1,4% (n=2) de alta gravedad. Al evaluar el BSQ, el 15,7% (n=21) se encontro levemente preocupadas con la imagen corporal; el 5,2% (n=7) moderadamente y el 6,7% (n=9) extremadamente preocupadas. Conclusión: El estudio no diagnostico la presencia de TAs pero verifico la existencia de síntomas de anorexia y bulimia nerviosa Él tuvo como principal objetivo alertar sobre la prevalência del posible desarrollo de TAs delante de las interferencias Del medio en que las adolescentes conviven bajo el modelo definido por el ballet clásico y las perturbaciones comunes de la fase de adolescencia. doi:10.5020/18061230.2013.p396

Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência de sintomas de transtornos alimentares (TAs) em bailarinas clássicas adolescentes. Métodos: Estudo observacional, transversal e analítico, realizado em 2009, cujos sintomas de TAs foram investigados aplicando-se os testes Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) e Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh (BITE). A avaliação da imagem corporal da população estudada se deu pelo Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). Além disso, foi realizada avaliação antropométrica – aferição de peso, estatura e pregas cutâneas, cálculo do índice de massa corporal (IMC) e percentual de gordura corporal. Resultados: Das 139 adolescentes avaliadas, os desvios nutricionais estavam presentes em 4,4% (n=6); e 23% (n=32) apresentaram percentual de gordura anormal. A análise do EAT concluiu que 12,3% (n=17) apresentaram resultados positivos para a anorexia nervosa (AN). Diante dos resultados do BITE, identificou-se que 13,7% (n=19) apresentam hábito alimentar não usual e 6,5% (n=9) refletem quadro subclínico de bulimia nervosa (BN). Com relação à gravidade, 3,6% (n=5) apresentaram resultado significativo clinicamente e 1,4% (n=2), de alta gravidade. Ao avaliar o BSQ, 15,7% (n=21) encontravam-se levemente preocupadas com a imagem corporal; 5,2% (n=7), moderadamente; e 6,7% (n=9), extremamente preocupadas. Conclusão: O estudo não diagnosticou a presença de TAs, mas verificou a existência de sintomas de anorexia e bulimia nervosa. Ele teve como principal intuito alertar sobre a prevalência do possível desenvolvimento de TAs diante das interferências do meio em que essas adolescentes convivem, sob o modelo definido pelo balé clássico e as perturbações comuns na fase da adolescência.

The creation of protected areas (Protected Areas—CA and Indigenous Lands—IL) is one of the effective strategies to contain deforestation, and landscape fragmentation and conserve biodiversity. However, several such areas in the Amazon suffer from anthropogenic pressures which prevent the fulfilment of their purpose. The objective of this study is to analyze the use and vegetation cover in four protected areas in the Amazon in the state of Maranhão by showing the threats to biodiversity by means of digital processing of satellite images in 1984, 1996, 2008 and 2017. Images from the Landsat satellites 5 and 8 were used for supervised classification and identification of deforestation in these areas. The results obtained in 1984 show a predominance of the forest class in the studied area, where the ILs Caru and Alto Turiaçu stand out for presenting excellent preservation in that year. As of 2008, changes related to deforestation and the presence of secondary vegetation and occurrence of fires in the area studied were observed. In this case, the changes resulting from urban and farming expansion, and infrastructure projects (roads, highways, dams and land division), mining, illegal logging, cattle raising, among others, are easily identified by satellite images. The Indigenous Lands and Strict Nature Reserve of Gurupi are connected, representing the best and the most homogeneous Amazonian biome in Maranhão. The study concludes that of the remaining vegetation, 76.41% is within the protected areas, represented mainly in the analyzed indigenous lands. So, this study highlights that although protected areas are being constantly deforested, invaded and criminally burned, these are still the best way of preserving the biodiversity of the last remnant of the Biome in the region, and its protection is necessary for the conservation of its biological resources and vegetation cover.

Mobile phones have become popular tools to support public health interventions (mobile health [mHealth]). Text messaging, including SMS, is a simple, low-cost approach for health communication to a large population and offers valuable tools in improving health outcomes. Despite the global advances in HIV treatment and prevention, the HIV epidemic continues to disproportionately affect certain populations such as men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women, including in Latin America. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of SMS text messaging in improving adherence after 1-year provision of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among MSM and transgender women in Brazil. Pilot randomized controlled trial nested in the PrEP Brasil study, a prospective, multicenter, open-label implementation study assessing PrEP delivery in the context of the Brazilian Public Health System. Those who agreed to participate in the pilot trial were randomized 1:1 to standard-of-care (SOC) or intervention (SMS text messaging) arm. SMS text messages were launched fully automated weekly to participants for 48 weeks. Adequate adherence to PrEP has been defined as having (1) tenofovir-diphosphate concentration of ≥700 fmol/punch, (2) medication possession ratio of ≥1.07, (3) pill count of ≥90.1%, and (4) self-report (structured questionnaire) of ≥99.9%. Adequate adherence outcomes at week 48 were compared between arms (SMS text messaging vs SOC) using univariate logistic regression. Comparisons were also performed for young MSM aged 18-24 years and transgender women. From 450 participants enrolled on PrEP Brasil, 417 (92.7%) were randomized to the pilot trial: 210 to SOC and 207 to SMS arm. Until week 48, participants received a total of 14,099 SMS with the text message: \"Are you okay?,\" and 6959 (49.4%) messages were replied. Of these, the vast majority replied \"Yes\" (6762/6959, 97.2%). A total of 347 (83.2%) participants completed the study with no difference between arms for the 4 adherence outcomes. Conversely, young MSM who received SMS text messages had 2.50 increased odds of having adequate PrEP adherence measured by medication possession ratio (P=.05). Most participants found SMS text messaging very useful or useful (127/167, 76.0%) and would recommend SMS text messaging as a support strategy for persons using PrEP (134/167, 80.2%). Most participants think that SMS text messaging should be offered to all persons using PrEP (129/167, 77.2%), and 16.2% (27/167) think that SMS text messaging should be offered only to those persons using PrEP with adherence problems. Weekly messages were found adequate by 80.2% (134/167). SMS text messaging intervention improved adequate PrEP adherence among young MSM and can be a useful tool for PrEP coverage and persistence. Future interventions using other mHealth tools such as WhatsApp messages and apps tailored to support PrEP adherence should be evaluated among MSM and transgender women in Brazil.

The environmental damage caused by plastic packaging and the need to reduce pollution requires actions to substitute plastic materials for more sustainable and biodegradable materials. Starch, gelatin, and bacterial cellulose films are three potential biodegradable polymeric films for use in packaging. However, these materials need improvements in their physical, chemical, and mechanical properties to be used in packaging. In this work, these films were treated with cold plasma to evaluate the effects of treatment conditions on several physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. The dielectric barrier discharge plasma technology was applied with varying treatment times (0 to 20 min) and excitation frequencies (50 to 900 Hz) at 20 kV. The optimal excitation frequency for starch films (50 Hz) was different from the optimal frequency for gelatin and bacterial cellulose films (900 Hz), indicating a high dependency on the treatment in this variable that is often neglected. Plasma treatment improved the hydrophobicity, surface morphology, water resistance, and mechanical properties of all three films, with the advantage of not recurring to chemical or biological additives.

Viral coinfection among HIV-positive patients, coupled with the development of AIDS, remains a major public health problem. The synergism between the presence of HIV and other viruses has consequences in relation to changes in the severity of the infection, as well as changes in the natural course of both infections. Several polymorphisms present in genes that encode cytokines have a relevant influence on their transcription and consequently on the production of such immunological molecules. The present study evaluated the influence of SNPs located in the promoter regions of genes encoding the cytokines INF-ɣ, TNF, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-2, as well as their respective plasma concentrations, in patients infected with HIV and/or EBV in the state of Pará. Additionally, this study described the epidemiological profile and compared CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte counts among the groups studied. The associative analysis between the SNPs and plasma cytokine concentrations in different groups showed statistical relevance for three polymorphisms: rs2069762 (IL2), where the GG genotype demonstrated higher IL-2 levels in HIV mono-infected individuals; rs2243250 (IL4), where the CT genotype showed higher IL-4 levels in the control group; and rs2069705 (IFNG), where the TT genotype showed higher IFN-γ levels in the coinfected group. Regarding SNP associations with CD4+/CD8+ counts, significant findings were observed in HIV mono-infected individuals: the rs2069705 (IFNG) polymorphism was linked to higher CD4+ counts with the CT genotype, and rs1799964 (TNF) was associated with higher CD8+ counts with the CC genotype. Therefore, this study provides evidence that the rs2069705 (IFNG) SNP is associated with elevated IFN-γ levels, which may have pathogenic consequences, as depletion of this cytokine is concerning for people living with HIV due to its antiviral properties.