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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV; family Nairoviridae ) is a tick-borne pathogen that frequently causes lethal disease in humans. CCHFV has a wide geographic distribution, and cases have been reported in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. Availability of a safe and efficacious vaccine is critical for restricting outbreaks and preventing disease in endemic countries. We previously developed a virus-like replicon particle (VRP) vaccine that provides complete protection against homologous and heterologous lethal CCHFV challenge in mice after a single dose. However, the immune responses induced by this vaccine are not well characterized, and correlates of protection remain unknown. Here we comprehensively characterized the kinetics of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in VRP-vaccinated mice, and demonstrate that they predominantly target the nucleoprotein (NP). NP antibodies are not associated with protection through neutralizing activity, but VRP vaccination results in NP antibodies possessing Fc-mediated antibody effector functions, such as complement activation (ADCD) and antibody-mediated cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). This suggests that Fc-mediated effector functions may contribute to this vaccine’s efficacy.

Neuronal morphogenesis, synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity are fundamental aspects of nervous system development. Much of our current understanding of how each of these processes contributes to the establishment and maintenance of neural circuitry has come from a molecular description of specific classes of key molecules. With regard to synapse assembly and function, a family of membrane-associated guanylate kinase homologs (MAGUKs) have emerged as central organizers of multicomponent protein signaling complexes. In particular MAGUKs appear to play fundamental roles in the transport, anchoring and signaling of specific subclasses of synaptic receptors and ion channels. In this review, we will focus on the role that subfamilies of MAGUKs play during the formation, maintenance and plasticity of the vertebrate central nervous system glutamatergic synapse.

The present paper advances theoretical propositions regarding the relationship between acculturation and identity. The most central thesis argued is that acculturation represents changes in cultural identity and that personal identity has the potential to ‘anchor’ immigrant people during their transition to a new society. The article emphasizes the experiences of nonwhite, non-Western immigrant people moving to Western nations. The article also calls for research on heretofore unexplored aspects of the relationship of acculturation to personal and social identity. Ideas are proposed for interventions to promote cultural identity change and personal identity coherence.

In June 2019, the Bolivian Ministry of Health reported a cluster of cases of hemorrhagic fever that started in the municipality of Caranavi and expanded to La Paz. The cause of these cases was unknown. We obtained samples for next-generation sequencing and virus isolation. Human and rodent specimens were tested by means of virus-specific real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction assays, next-generation sequencing, and virus isolation. Nine cases of hemorrhagic fever were identified; four of the patients with this illness died. The etiologic agent was identified as , or Chapare virus (CHAPV), which causes Chapare hemorrhagic fever (CHHF). Probable nosocomial transmission among health care workers was identified. Some patients with CHHF had neurologic manifestations, and those who survived had a prolonged recovery period. CHAPV RNA was detected in a variety of human body fluids (including blood; urine; nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and bronchoalveolar-lavage fluid; conjunctiva; and semen) and in specimens obtained from captured small-eared pygmy rice rats ( ). In survivors of CHHF, viral RNA was detected up to 170 days after symptom onset; CHAPV was isolated from a semen sample obtained 86 days after symptom onset. was identified as the etiologic agent of CHHF. Both spillover from a zoonotic reservoir and possible person-to-person transmission were identified. This virus was detected in a rodent species, . (Funded by the Bolivian Ministry of Health and others.).

Background. In Bangladesh, 4 outbreaks of Nipah virus infection were identified during the period 2001–2004. Methods. We characterized the clinical features of Nipah virus-infected individuals affected by these outbreaks. We classified patients as having confirmed cases of Nipah virus infection if they had antibodies reactive with Nipah virus antigen. Patients were considered to have probable cases of Nipah virus infection if they had symptoms consistent with Nipah virus infection during the same time and in the same community as patients with confirmed cases. Results. We identified 92 patients with Nipah virus infection, 67 (73%) of whom died. Although all age groups were affected, 2 outbreaks principally affected young persons (median age, 12 years); 62% of the affected persons were male. Fever, altered mental status, headache, cough, respiratory difficulty, vomiting, and convulsions were the most common signs and symptoms; clinical and radiographic features of acute respiratory distress syndrome of Nipah illness were identified during the fourth outbreak. Among those who died, death occurred a median of 6 days (range, 2–36 days) after the onset of illness. Patients who died were more likely than survivors to have a temperature >37.8eg;C, altered mental status, difficulty breathing, and abnormal plantar reflexes. Among patients with Nipah virus infection who had well-defined exposure to another patient infected with Nipah virus, the median incubation period was 9 days (range, 6–11 days). Conclusions. Nipah virus infection produced rapidly progressive severe illness affecting the central nervous and respiratory systems. Clinical characteristics of Nipah virus infection in Bangladesh, including a severe respiratory component, appear distinct from clinical characteristics reported during earlier outbreaks in other countries.

Injection of the rat with guinea pig myelin basic protein (MBP) induces an inflammatory demyelination that leads to development of a condition mimicking human multiple sclerosis (MS), including severe depressions in mobility, coordination, and strength in the affected animal. This model was used to observe and compare the anti-inflammatory effects of the intestinal and late migratory phases of infection with Trichinella pseudospiralis on development of MBP-induced, MS-like debilitation in rats. Animal performance was measured in an activity monitor and in a series of physical tests designed to assess animal coordination and strength. Uninfected animals injected with MBP showed declines in mobility, coordination, and strength typical for this model. These changes were similar in rats infected so that the intestinal phase of infection coincided with the peak of MBP-induced debilitation. Rats infected so that the late migratory phase of infection occurred during the period of peak MBP-induced debilitation showed significantly higher performance scores in mobility, coordination and strength compared to the latter 2 groups. These findings demonstrate the potency of the anti-inflammatory effects of elevations in host corticosteroids seen during the migratory phase of infection with T. pseudospiralis.

We report on the results from high pressure x-ray powder diffraction and electrical resistance measurements for hole doped BaFe2-xCrxAs2 (x 0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.4, 0.61) up to 81 GPa and down to 10 K using a synchrotron source and diamond anvil cell (DAC). At ambient temperature, an isostructural phase transition from a tetragonal (T) phase (I4/mmm) to a collapsed tetragonal (CT) phase is observed at 17 GPa. This transition is found to be dependent on ambient pressure unit cell volume and is slightly shifted to higher pressure upon increase in the Cr-doping. Unlike BaFe2As2 which superconduct under high pressure, we have not detected any evidence of pressure induced superconductivity in chromium doped samples in the pressure and temperature range of this study. The measured equation of state parameters are presented for both the tetragonal and collapsed tetragonal phases for x 0.05, 0.15, 0.40 and 0.61.

Generation Z is entering the American newsroom as the next generation of journalists. Research shows they are the most diverse generation to date, and the demographics of higher institutions are becoming more female. They have also come of age in a world marked by COVID-19 and omnipresence of social movements, online and offline. This study seeks to answer how these shifting dynamics may contribute to friction in the newsroom on the basis of behavior and differing priorities in terms of journalistic processes and values. answers to these questions will provide a road map, for current journalists and incoming journalists, to where conflict may arise in the newsroom, and why it might arise appertaining to Gen Z's differing priorities, values and environment. It will also look at Gen Z in the context of professional environments, rather than solely students, which previous literature on the subject has limited itself to. Data was collected through a series of 20 semi-structured interviews of Baby Boomer, Gen X, Millennial and Gen Z journalists over a course of two months, then analyzed in a thematic analysis framework, through the lens of Durkheim's functionalism theory. It was found that Generation Z had looser ideas of what makes someone professional, the application of technology and business in journalism, and prioritized different journalistic roles. Conflict arose in the newsroom in the spheres of work-life balance, understaffed newsrooms, political expression, underestimation of skill, and areas of prejudice. This research shows that the next cohort of journalists will be entering the newsroom with a different foundation of understanding of what makes journalism and a good journalist.

Examined the effects of variations in acculturation and gender on identity processes and outcomes in a sample of 357 students at a culturally diverse university. Results indicate that the processes underlying identity development are consistent across variations in acculturation and gender. Supplemental analyses revealed effects of acculturation and gender on the extent to which individuals used identity processes and manifested various identity outcomes. (SLD)