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Small in area, headwater wetland complexes provide a disproportionate share of valuable ecosystem functions to the larger landscape. Through microbial biochemical cycling of large portions of the global carbon and nitrogen pools, they act as sinks for and transformers of inorganic nutrients and as sources of organic material to aquatic systems. Our current understanding of these systems suggests that anthropogenic activities have altered their hydrologic disturbance regimes with subsequent material fluxes and changed the structure of their biologic components (e.g., vegetation, macroinvertebrates, and birds). These changes can ultimately affect microbial biochemical cycling. In this dissertation I evaluated the condition of headwater wetland complexes, in terms of their edaphic properties, edaphic heterogeneity, and microbial communities in two landscape contexts, forested (> 80% forested) and mixed (< 50% forested), with mixed complexes also having a range of land use legacies. Edaphic properties and heterogeneity did vary between forested and mixed complexes. Edaphic heterogeneity measurements were higher in forested complexes compared to mixed complexes. The most homogenized complexes were those in mixed landscapes with past residential, cropland, and fill activities. In forested complexes the spatial heterogeneity of edaphic properties, most notably of soil organic matter (SOM) and soil moisture, were associated with a range of microbial habitats that varied in microbial biomass and composition. This range in microbial habitats was absent from complexes within mixed landscapes. In fact, these complexes, although left to reestablish after legacy land uses, were not necessary developing microbial communities similar to those in forested landscapes. This was evident through the differences between microbial community composition, pH, and soil texture classes of mineral soils across the landscape classes. The large difference in SOM accumulation between landscape contexts was further assessed by developing a method to characterize a portion of the labile SOM pool. This fraction was quantitatively and compositionally more sensitive to landscape context than SOM levels. The overall lack of SOM accumulation in mixed complexes was attributed to differences in vegetative community composition and structure (via temperature shifts), and hydrological regime shifts thought to affect litter quality inputs, decomposition rates, and/or the amount of scouring.

I am a 12-year-old, and I have taken ballet and other dance classes since I was little. I have performed for Pittsburgh Musical Theater, and I have performed with live music and with recorded music.

[...] all the Pensacola Fire Department trucks and reserve gas tanks will be filled, and firefighters are being asked to volunteer for duty in case regular crews get overloaded.

Background Experiencing trauma can affect health and wellbeing throughout the lifespan. Trauma-informed care is a framework that addresses the impact of trauma and promotes treatment approaches sensitive to this lived experience. In response to emerging awareness about trauma-informed care, educators are beginning to adapt undergraduate medical education (UME) to include content about using a trauma-informed approach when caring for patients. In 2023, leaders in the field of trauma-informed care developed a core set of competencies that institutions can use to guide their curricula in this area. This scoping review aggregated and synthesized studies evaluating trauma-informed care curricula in medical schools to examine the efficacy of different pedagogical approaches. It also mapped how these approaches align with the recently developed trauma-informed competencies for UME. Methods A comprehensive search strategy was used to search seven databases for articles related to teaching trauma-informed care principles to undergraduate medical students. Articles were included only if the curricula had been implemented and evaluated. A total of 233 articles were retrieved. Independent coders used a two-tier process to determine which papers met inclusion criteria. The coders extracted key information from the studies focused on training facilitators, participants, curriculum content, teaching methods, learner outcomes, and competencies. Results Fifteen papers were included in this scoping review, and several common themes emerged among the studies. Most trainings were brief (median 3.5 h) and taught by a multidisciplinary team. All trainings incorporated didactic components. Most also gave the trainees opportunities to apply and practice their knowledge through role playing, simulations, or patient interviews. All studies included a qualitative evaluation component, with most also having a quantitative component. Most studies reported that students acquired more knowledge and confidence in implementing trauma-informed care following the trainings. However, only two included a longitudinal follow-up component in their evaluation. Conclusions Trauma-informed care is beginning to be implemented in undergraduate medical education. Brief trainings in this area can increase future providers’ abilities to understand how trauma affects patients and to work in appropriate ways with patients who have experienced trauma. The literature in this review can be used to guide educators seeking to incorporate trauma-informed care into undergraduate medical curricula.

Ancient environmental DNA (aeDNA) from lake sediments has yielded remarkable insights for the reconstruction of past ecosystems, including suggestions of late survival of extinct species. However, translocation and lateral inflow of DNA in sediments can potentially distort the stratigraphic signal of the DNA. Using three different approaches on two short lake sediment cores of the Yamal peninsula, West Siberia, with ages spanning only the past hundreds of years, we detect DNA and identified mitochondrial genomes of multiple mammoth and woolly rhinoceros individuals—both species that have been extinct for thousands of years on the mainland. The occurrence of clearly identifiable aeDNA of extinct Pleistocene megafauna (e.g. >400 K reads in one core) throughout these two short subsurface cores, along with specificities of sedimentology and dating, confirm that processes acting on regional scales, such as extensive permafrost thawing, can influence the aeDNA record and should be accounted for in aeDNA paleoecology.

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are first responders to tissue injury, where they prime naive T cells. The role of pDCs in physiologic wound repair has been examined, but little is known about pDCs in diabetic wound tissue and their interactions with naive CD4+ T cells. Diabetic wounds are characterized by increased levels of inflammatory IL-17A cytokine, partly due to increased Th17 CD4+ cells. This increased IL-17A cytokine, in excess, impairs tissue repair. Here, using human tissue and murine wound healing models, we found that diabetic wound pDCs produced excess IL-6 and TGF-β and that these cytokines skewed naive CD4+ T cells toward a Th17 inflammatory phenotype following cutaneous injury. Further, we identified that increased IL-6 cytokine production by diabetic wound pDCs is regulated by a histone demethylase, Jumonji AT-rich interactive domain 1C histone demethylase (JARID1C). Decreased JARID1C increased IL-6 transcription in diabetic pDCs, and this process was regulated upstream by an IFN-I/TYK2/JAK1,3 signaling pathway. When inhibited in nondiabetic wound pDCs, JARID1C skewed naive CD4+ T cells toward a Th17 phenotype and increased IL-17A production. Together, this suggests that diabetic wound pDCs are epigenetically altered to increase IL-6 expression that then affects T cell phenotype. These findings identify a therapeutically manipulable pathway in diabetic wounds.

Many safe and effective severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) vaccinations dramatically reduce risks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) complications and deaths. We aimed to describe cases of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection among patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) and liver transplant (LT) recipients with at least one prior COVID‐19 vaccine dose. The SECURE‐Liver and COVID‐Hep international reporting registries were used to identify laboratory‐confirmed COVID‐19 in CLD and LT patients who received a COVID‐19 vaccination. Of the 342 cases of lab‐confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infections in the era after vaccine licensing, 40 patients (21 with CLD and 19 with LT) had at least one prior COVID‐19 vaccination, including 12 who were fully vaccinated (≥2 weeks after second dose). Of the 21 patients with CLD (90% with cirrhosis), 7 (33%) were hospitalized, 1 (5%) was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), and 0 died. In the LT cohort (n = 19), there were 6 hospitalizations (32%), including 3 (16%) resulting in mechanical ventilation and 2 (11%) resulting in death. All three cases of severe COVID‐19 occurred in patients who had a single vaccine dose within the last 1‐2 weeks. In contemporary patients with CLD, rates of symptomatic infection, hospitalization, ICU admission, invasive ventilation, and death were numerically higher in unvaccinated individuals. Conclusion: This case series demonstrates the potential for COVID‐19 infections among patients with CLD and LT recipients who had received the COVID‐19 vaccination. Vaccination against SARS‐CoV‐2 appears to result in favorable outcomes as attested by the absence of mechanical ventilation, ICU, or death among fully vaccinated patients.

Objectives/Goals: Unsafe sleep practices contribute to sleep-related infant mortality, a leading cause of preventable sudden unexplained infant death (SUID). Infant illness represents a risk for SUID. However, the mechanism behind this increased risk is unknown. The objective of this study was to measure changes to safe sleep practices during infant illness. Methods/Study Population: We performed a prospective cohort survey study of infants aged 0–12 months presenting to the pediatric emergency department. We assessed sleep practices prior to illness, during illness, and 2 weeks and 1 month following illness. We assessed adherence to American Academy of Pediatrics safe sleep recommendations at each point in time. Wilcoxon sign rank test was used to examine changes between time points. Regression models compared caregivers who reported a change to unsafe sleep practices with those who did not. Results/Anticipated Results: Of enrolled participants (n = 142), 110 (77%) completed all three follow-up surveys. For those with complete follow-up, 62.4% were female, 60.3% were Black, non-Hispanic, 25.7% were White, non-Hispanic. The most common chief complaint was respiratory illness (35.7%), followed by fever (22.7%), and 70.3% of patients were discharged home. Across all sleep behaviors surveyed, caregivers reported, on average, a 12% change to unsafe sleep practices during illness. These changes were sustained at the 2-week and 1-month follow-ups. Factors associated with a change to unsafe sleep practice were parental age. Discussion/Significance of Impact: Over 10% of infants experienced a change to unsafe sleep practices during illness, sustained at 2-week and 1-month follow-ups. This may explain the association of infant illness with SUID. Interventions promoting safe sleep adherence during illness are key to decreasing sleep-related infant mortality.

The thermophilic anaerobic metal-reducing bacterium Thermoanaerobacter sp. X513 efficiently produces zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanoparticles (NPs) in laboratory-scale (≤ 24-L) reactors. To determine whether this process can be up-scaled and adapted for pilot-plant production while maintaining NP yield and quality, a series of pilot-plant scale experiments were performed using 100-L and 900-L reactors. Pasteurization and N 2 -sparging replaced autoclaving and boiling for deoxygenating media in the transition from small-scale to pilot plant reactors. Consecutive 100-L batches using new or recycled media produced ZnS NPs with highly reproducible ~2-nm average crystallite size (ACS) and yields of ~0.5 g L −1 , similar to the small-scale batches. The 900-L pilot plant reactor produced ~320 g ZnS without process optimization or replacement of used medium; this quantity would be sufficient to form a ZnS thin film with ~120 nm thickness over 0.5 m width × 13 km length. At all scales, the bacteria produced significant amounts of acetic, lactic, and formic acids, which could be neutralized by the controlled addition of sodium hydroxide without the use of an organic pH buffer, eliminating 98 % of the buffer chemical costs. The final NP products were characterized using XRD, ICP-OES, TEM, FTIR, PL, DLS, HPLC, and C/N analyses, which confirmed that the growth medium without organic buffer enhanced the ZnS NP properties by reducing carbon and nitrogen surface coatings and supporting better dispersivity with similar ACS.