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Despite the fast development of various energy harvesting and storage devices, their judicious integration into efficient, autonomous, and sustainable wearable systems has not been widely explored. Here, we introduce the concept and design principles of e-textile microgrids by demonstrating a multi-module bioenergy microgrid system. Unlike earlier hybrid wearable systems, the presented e-textile microgrid relies solely on human activity to work synergistically, harvesting biochemical and biomechanical energy using sweat-based biofuel cells and triboelectric generators, and regulating the harvested energy via supercapacitors for high-power output. Through energy budgeting, the e-textile system can efficiently power liquid crystal displays continuously or a sweat sensor-electrochromic display system in pulsed sessions, with half the booting time and triple the runtime in a 10-min exercise session. Implementing “compatible form factors, commensurate performance, and complementary functionality” design principles, the flexible, textile-based bioenergy microgrid offers attractive prospects for the design and operation of efficient, sustainable, and autonomous wearable systems. Though energy-harvesting wearable systems have been reported in the literature, their system design imposes limitations that hinder their overall performance. Here, the authors report a system-level wearable e-textile microgrid system that relies solely on human activity for energy harvesting.

Although levodopa remains the most efficacious symptomatic therapy for Parkinson disease (PD), management of levodopa treatment during the advanced stages of the disease is extremely challenging. This difficulty is a result of levodopa’s short half-life, a progressive narrowing of the therapeutic window, and major inter-patient and intra-patient variations in the dose–response relationship. Therefore, a suitable alternative to repeated oral administration of levodopa is being sought. Recent research efforts have focused on the development of novel levodopa delivery strategies and wearable physical sensors that track symptoms and disease progression. However, the need for methods to monitor the levels of levodopa present in the body in real time has been overlooked. Advances in chemical sensor technology mean that the development of wearable and mobile biosensors for continuous or frequent levodopa measurements is now possible. Such levodopa monitoring could help to deliver personalized and timely medication dosing to alleviate treatment-related fluctuations in the symptoms of PD. Therefore, with the aim of optimizing therapeutic management of PD and improving the quality of life of patients, we share our vision of a future closed-loop autonomous wearable ‘sense-and-act’ system. This system consists of a network of physical and chemical sensors coupled with a levodopa delivery device and is guided by effective big data fusion algorithms and machine learning methods.In this Perspective, the authors present their vision for a closed-loop system for automatic symptom monitoring and levodopa administration in individuals with Parkinson disease. The system would capitalize on the ongoing advances in wearable sensor technology, drug delivery systems and machine learning.

Wearable electronic devices are of potential use in various health monitoring applications including non-invasive chemical sensing. However, such platforms are typically limited by the need to connect to external devices for power and data visualization. Here we report a stretchable epidermal sweat sensing platform that integrates a stretchable battery and a low-power digital electrochromic display. The patch can operate as a standalone device to directly display the concentration of various electrolytes or metabolites in sweat, such as glucose and lactate, without any wired or wireless connection to external devices. It consists of electrochemical sensors, a stretchable Ag 2 O–Zn battery, ten individually addressable electrochromic pixels and a small microcontroller unit. All the components and interconnections, except the microcontroller, are fabricated via the high-throughput screen printing of customized elastomeric or silver inks. The integrated system is robust to mechanical deformation and is unaffected by 1,500 stretching cycles at 20% strain. The electrochromic display exhibits stability for 10,000 on/off cycles, and the battery can power 14,000 sensing sessions over a week-long use. A wearable epidermal sweat sensing platform that contains a printed low-power electrochromic display and a stretchable Ag 2 O–Zn battery can collect, analyse and present electrochemical data in real time without the need to connect to external devices.

Wearable health monitoring platforms require advanced sensing modalities with integrated electronics. However, current systems suffer from limitations related to energy supply, sensing capabilities, circuitry regulations and large form factors. Here, we report an autonomous and continuous sweat sensing system that operates on a fingertip. The system uses a self-voltage-regulated wearable microgrid based on enzymatic biofuel cells and AgCl-Zn batteries to harvest and store bioenergy from sweat, respectively. It relies on osmosis to continuously supply sweat to the sensor array for on-demand multi-metabolite sensing and is combined with low-power electronics for signal acquisition and wireless data transmission. The wearable system is powered solely by fingertip perspiration and can detect glucose, vitamin C, lactate and levodopa over extended periods of time. A wearable microgrid powered solely by fingertip perspiration can monitor metabolic biomarkers over extended periods of time.

We have investigated electrical, optical, and structural properties of indium tin oxide (ITO) co-sputtered indium zinc oxide (IZO) film prepared by a dual target direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering at room temperature in pure Ar ambient. It was shown that the resistivity and sheet resistance of ITO co-sputtered IZO films monotonically increased with increasing DC power of ITO target at constant DC power of IZO target. Synchrotron X-ray scattering and scanning electron microscope examination results show that addition of ITO in the IZO film lead to crystallization of IZTO film due to low transition temperature of the ITO from amorphous to crystalline. However, ITO co-sputtered IZO film (ITO/IZO power = 100 W:100 W) exhibit higher work function than those of pure IZO and ITO film. It was found that the work function as well as the electrical, optical, and surface properties of the IZTO film could be controlled by varying the DC power of IZO and ITO targets, respectively.

Mast ceils are important effector cells in immunoglobulin （Ig） E-mediated allergic reactions such as asthma, atopic dermatitis and rhinitis. Vanillic acid, a natural product, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, in the present study, we investigated the anti-allergic inflammatory effects of ortho-vanillic acid （2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid, o-VA） that was a derivative of vanillic acid isolated from Amomum xanthioides, in mouse anaphylaxis models, oral administration of o-VA （2, 10, 50 mg/kg） dose-dependently attenuated ovalbumin-induced active systemic anaphylaxis and IgE-mediated cutaneous allergic reactions such as hypothermia, histamine release, IgE production and vasodilation; administration of o-VA also suppressed the mast cell degranulator compound 48/80-induced anaphylaxis. In cultured mast cell line RBL-2H3 and isolated rat peritoneal mast cells in vitro, pretreatment with o-VA （1-100 pmol/L） dose-dependently inhibited DNP-HSA-induced degranulation of mast cells by decreasing the intracellular free calcium level, and suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-4. Pretreatment of RBL-2H3 cells with o-VA suppressed DNP-HSA-induced phosphorylation of Lyn, Syk, Akt, and the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB. In conclusion, o-VA suppresses the mast cell-mediated allergic inflammatory response by blocking the signaling pathways downstream of high affinity IgE receptor （FcsRI） on the surface of mast cells.

Background： Fatigue is a common symptom both in diseases status and in healthy subjects. Various supplements and nutraceuticals for relieving of fatigue have been used. However, there are a few studies to evaluate the efficacy and the safety of the drug tbr fatigue alleviation, we conducted using URSA Complex to evaluate the efficacy on physical fatigue via score changes in the checklist individual strength （CIS）. Methods： The study was designed as a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, with subjects randomized to one of the two arms, receiving either placebo or URSA Complex administered as identical capsules. The primary efficacy endpoints of this clinical trials are the ratio of improving CIS scores 〈 76 points in patients at the end （4 weeks）. Secondary efficacy variables are as follows one is an improvement of fatigue and the other is an improvement of the liver enzyme. Results： The fatigue recovery rate in who had improved CIS scores of 〈 76 points were 70.0%, 50.9% in the therapy group and placebo group, respectively （P = 0.0l 9）. The fatigue recovery rate in CIS score was higher in URSA Complex therapy group than placebo group. The difference between therapy group and placebo group was statistically significant at 4 weeks later, but not 2 weeks. Conclusions： Our results provided that the URSA Complex was effective in alleviating physical fatigue. The adverse event frequency in the therapy groups was similar to that in the placebo group.

Antiferromagnetic spin waves have been predicted to offer substantial functionalities for magnonic applications due to the existence of two distinct polarizations, the right-handed and left-handed modes, as well as their ultrafast dynamics. However, experimental investigations have been hampered by the field-immunity of antiferromagnets. Ferrimagnets have been shown to be an alternative platform to study antiferromagnetic spin dynamics. Here we investigate thermally excited spin waves in ferrimagnets across the magnetization compensation and angular momentum compensation temperatures using Brillouin light scattering. Our results show that right-handed and left-handed modes intersect at the angular momentum compensation temperature where pure antiferromagnetic spin waves are expected. A field-induced shift of the mode-crossing point from the angular momentum compensation temperature and the gyromagnetic reversal reveal hitherto unrecognized properties of ferrimagnetic dynamics. We also provide a theoretical understanding of our experimental results. Our work demonstrates important aspects of the physics of ferrimagnetic spin waves and opens up the attractive possibility of ferrimagnet-based magnonic devices. Right- and left-handed spin-wave modes are identified in ferrimagnets, and their dynamics are revealed.

Fertility-sparing treatment (FST) might be considered an option for reproductive patients with low-risk endometrial cancer (EC). On the other hand, the matching rates between preoperative assessment and postoperative pathology in low-risk EC patients are not high enough. We aimed to predict the postoperative pathology depending on preoperative myometrial invasion (MI) and grade in low-risk EC patients to help extend the current criteria for FST. This ancillary study (KGOG 2015S) of Korean Gynecologic Oncology Group 2015, a prospective, multicenter study included patients with no MI or MI <1/2 on preoperative MRI and endometrioid adenocarcinoma and grade 1 or 2 on endometrial biopsy. Among the eligible patients, Groups 1-4 were defined with no MI and grade 1, no MI and grade 2, MI <1/2 and grade 1, and MI <1/2 and grade 2, respectively. New prediction models using machine learning were developed. Among 251 eligible patients, Groups 1-4 included 106, 41, 74, and 30 patients, respectively. The new prediction models showed superior prediction values to those from conventional analysis. In the new prediction models, the best NPV, sensitivity, and AUC of preoperative each group to predict postoperative each group were as follows: 87.2%, 71.6%, and 0.732 (Group 1); 97.6%, 78.6%, and 0.656 (Group 2); 71.3%, 78.6% and 0.588 (Group 3); 91.8%, 64.9%, and 0.676% (Group 4). In low-risk EC patients, the prediction of postoperative pathology was ineffective, but the new prediction models provided a better prediction.

Taste stem/progenitor cells from posterior mouse tongues have been used to generate taste bud organoids. However, the inaccessible location of taste receptor cells is observed in conventional organoids. In this study, we established a suspension-culture method to fine-tune taste bud organoids by apicobasal polarity alteration to form the accessible localization of taste receptor cells. Compared to conventional Matrigel-embedded organoids, suspension-cultured organoids showed comparable differentiation and renewal rates to those of taste buds in vivo and exhibited functional taste receptor cells and cycling progenitor cells. Accessible taste receptor cells enabled the direct application of calcium imaging to evaluate the taste response. Moreover, suspension-cultured organoids can be genetically altered. Suspension-cultured taste bud organoids harmoniously integrated with the recipient lingual epithelium, maintaining the taste receptor cells and gustatory innervation capacity. We propose that suspension-cultured organoids may provide an efficient model for taste research, including taste bud development, regeneration, and transplantation.