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Musical instruments : highlights of the Metropolitan Museum of Art
\"This insightful appreciation of musical instruments features more than one hundred extraordinary pieces from the Metropolitan Museum's collection. Whether created to entertain a royal court, provide personal solace, or aid in rites and rituals, these instruments fully demonstrate music's universal resonance and the ingenuity various cultures have deployed for musical expression. The results are astoundingly diverse: from Bronze Age cymbals and sistra to violins made by Stradivari, monumental slit drums from Oceania, and iconic twentieth-century American guitars. Stunning new photographs and a lively text reveal these objects to be works of both musical and visual art, as well as marvels of technology and masterpieces of design. Depictions of instruments and music making--paintings, statues, and pottery--further illuminate the narrative, providing a vivid counterpoint to these remarkable objects.\" -- Publisher's description.
Book
OpenMDAO: an open-source framework for multidisciplinary design, analysis, and optimization
Multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) is concerned with solving design problems involving coupled numerical models of complex engineering systems. While various MDO software frameworks exist, none of them take full advantage of state-of-the-art algorithms to solve coupled models efficiently. Furthermore, there is a need to facilitate the computation of the derivatives of these coupled models for use with gradient-based optimization algorithms to enable design with respect to large numbers of variables. In this paper, we present the theory and architecture of OpenMDAO, an open-source MDO framework that uses Newton-type algorithms to solve coupled systems and exploits problem structure through new hierarchical strategies to achieve high computational efficiency. OpenMDAO also provides a framework for computing coupled derivatives efficiently and in a way that exploits problem sparsity. We demonstrate the framework’s efficiency by benchmarking scalable test problems. We also summarize a number of OpenMDAO applications previously reported in the literature, which include trajectory optimization, wing design, and structural topology optimization, demonstrating that the framework is effective in both coupling existing models and developing new multidisciplinary models from the ground up. Given the potential of the OpenMDAO framework, we expect the number of users and developers to continue growing, enabling even more diverse applications in engineering analysis and design.
Journal Article
Analysis of Combined Experiments Revisited
Agronomic experiments are often replicated over time and space to evaluate how treatments perform across a range of environments. The analysis of experiments conducted for more than one growing season (years) and/or places (locations) is commonly referred to as analysis of combined experiments. Common analyses of these studies treat some effects as fixed, treat others as random, and usually include interactions between fixed and random effects, which we call mixed interactions. Recommendations for how to treat mixed interactions has changed. In the traditional practice, the effects of interactions between fixed and random effects were assumed to sum to zero within each level of a fixed factor. Contemporary practice considers these effects to be mutually independent. This latter assumption is used to construct F tests by many of the statistical analysis programs that are widely used to analyze data from agronomic experiments but is inconsistent with that used in many previously published studies. The assumptions made about mixed interactions in the analysis of variance can result in very different interpretations and can potentially lead to different conclusions. We address the discrepancy between the analyses that were formerly recommended and those that are currently implemented by popular software programs and provide recommendations for analyzing data from combined experiments.
Journal Article
Long-term nutrient reductions lead to the unprecedented recovery of a temperate coastal region
Humans strongly impact the dynamics of coastal systems, yet surprisingly few studies mechanistically link management of anthropogenic stressors and successful restoration of nearshore habitats over large spatial and temporal scales. Such examples are sorely needed to ensure the success of ecosystem restoration efforts worldwide. Here, we unite 30 consecutive years of watershed modeling, biogeochemical data, and comprehensive aerial surveys of Chesapeake Bay, United States to quantify the cascading effects of anthropogenic impacts on submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV), an ecologically and economically valuable habitat. We employ structural equation models to link land use change to higher nutrient loads, which in turn reduce SAV cover through multiple, independent pathways. We also show through our models that high biodiversity of SAV consistently promotes cover, an unexpected finding that corroborates emerging evidence from other terrestrial and marine systems. Due to sustained management actions that have reduced nitrogen concentrations in Chesapeake Bay by 23% since 1984, SAV has regained 17,000 ha to achieve its highest cover in almost half a century. Our study empirically demonstrates that nutrient reductions and biodiversity conservation are effective strategies to aid the successful recovery of degraded systems at regional scales, a finding which is highly relevant to the utility of environmental management programs worldwide.
Journal Article
Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and stage IV-V chronic kidney disease
There is limited evidence on the effectiveness and safety of direct-acting oral anticoagulants in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) and advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study compared the risks of ischemic stroke/systemic embolism (ISSE) and major bleeding in patients with NVAF and stage IV-V CKD treated with rivaroxaban or warfarin.
Patients with NVAF and stage IV-V CKD who initiated rivaroxaban or warfarin treatment between November 2011 and June 2018 were selected from the Optum® Deidentified Electronic Health Record Database. Propensity score matching was used to balance rivaroxaban and warfarin patients on 112 measured baseline covariates. ISSE and major bleeding events over 2 years following treatment initiation were ascertained with validated end point definitions. Outcomes were analyzed as time-to-event data using Kaplan-Meier survival estimators and Cox regression.
A total of 781 eligible rivaroxaban-treated patients were propensity score–matched to 1,536 warfarin-treated patients; baseline covariates were well balanced after matching (absolute standardized differences <0.1). The average patient age was 80 years; 60.5% were female; 81.3% and 18.7% had CKD stage IV and V, respectively. Hazard ratios for rivaroxaban compared to warfarin were 0.93 (95% CI 0.46-1.90, P = .85) for the risk of ISSE and 0.91 (95% CI 0.65-1.28, P = .60) for major bleeding.
No statistically significant difference in the risk of ISSE or major bleeding was found between rivaroxaban- and warfarin-treated patients. Although further study is needed, rivaroxaban appears to be a reasonable alternative to warfarin for ISSE prevention in the setting of NVAF and stage IV-V CKD.
Journal Article
Evaluating APSIM Maize, Soil Water, Soil Nitrogen, Manure, and Soil Temperature Modules in the Midwestern United States
The Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) is a cropping systems modeling platform that is used worldwide to address research questions related to agricultural systems. We explored whether APSIM performs well in the Midwest, so that the associated model capabilities would be available for application in this region. Our approach included calibration and testing of several APSIM models (maize [Zea mays L.], soil water, soil N, surface organic matter, manure, and soil temperature) and evaluation of model predictions against independent datasets. During calibration we developed local crop and soil parameters so that the model captured sufficiently well dynamics of soil water (root mean square error, RMSE = 0.032 mm mm−1), soil temperature (RMSE = 2.1°C), soil inorganic N dynamics (RMSE = 12.6 kg N ha−1), contrasting soil net N mineralization patterns under fresh and composted swine manure applications (RMSE = 13.6 kg N ha−1), crop phenology (RMSE = 1.52 d), leaf area index (RMSE = 0.60 m2 m−2), leaf N concentration (RMSE = 0.28 kg 100 kg−1), canopy N uptake (RMSE = 9.0 kg N ha−1), biomass production (RMSE = 0.77 Mg ha−1) and grain yield (RMSE = 0.53 Mg ha−1). The calibration protocol followed in this study is discussed in detail. The calibrated model was evaluated against independent data on grain yield (RMSE = 0.65 Mg ha−1), biomass production (RMSE = 1.1 Mg ha−1) and LAI (RMSE = 1.14 m2 m−2), showing very acceptable performance, especially in addressing yield‐N relationships. Therefore APSIM proves to be a reliable model that can be used as a research and decision tool to enhance Midwestern production systems.
Journal Article
Modeling Long-Term Corn Yield Response to Nitrogen Rate and Crop Rotation
Improved prediction of optimal N fertilizer rates for corn (
) can reduce N losses and increase profits. We tested the ability of the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) to simulate corn and soybean (
) yields, the economic optimum N rate (EONR) using a 16-year field-experiment dataset from central Iowa, USA that included two crop sequences (continuous corn and soybean-corn) and five N fertilizer rates (0, 67, 134, 201, and 268 kg N ha
) applied to corn. Our objectives were to: (a) quantify model prediction accuracy before and after calibration, and report calibration steps; (b) compare crop model-based techniques in estimating optimal N rate for corn; and (c) utilize the calibrated model to explain factors causing year to year variability in yield and optimal N. Results indicated that the model simulated well long-term crop yields response to N (relative root mean square error, RRMSE of 19.6% before and 12.3% after calibration), which provided strong evidence that important soil and crop processes were accounted for in the model. The prediction of EONR was more complex and had greater uncertainty than the prediction of crop yield (RRMSE of 44.5% before and 36.6% after calibration). For long-term site mean EONR predictions, both calibrated and uncalibrated versions can be used as the 16-year mean differences in EONR's were within the historical N rate error range (40-50 kg N ha
). However, for accurate year-by-year simulation of EONR the calibrated version should be used. Model analysis revealed that higher EONR values in years with above normal spring precipitation were caused by an exponential increase in N loss (denitrification and leaching) with precipitation. We concluded that long-term experimental data were valuable in testing and refining APSIM predictions. The model can be used as a tool to assist N management guidelines in the US Midwest and we identified five avenues on how the model can add value toward agronomic, economic, and environmental sustainability.
Journal Article
A History of the Midwestern Conference on School Vocal and Instrumental Music
This historical study chronicles the creation, development, and termination of the Midwestern Conference on School Vocal and Instrumental Music, hosted by the University of Michigan between 1946 and 2005. Beginning as a band music reading session led by William Revelli in 1936, the conference developed into a premier professional workshop by the early 1960s. The event continually grew over its first three decades, and nationally prominent musicians and educators headlined the event each year. By the 1990s, the Midwestern Conference remained the primary professional development opportunity for music educators in Michigan, but it drew far fewer clinicians of national import. Fractures and disagreements between the university and the co-sponsoring state music education associations eventually led to the event's termination in 2006. Implications for future research are discussed.
Journal Article
The Pharmacology, Efficacy, and Safety of Rivaroxaban in Obese Patient Populations
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in the USA. Several risk factors have been identified, and obesity has become one of prominent concern. Excessive weight is considered a risk factor for CVD based on evidence linking it to a hypercoagulable state. Considering the prevalence of CVD and obesity in the USA, along with the increased risk for thrombus-related events, anticoagulation plays a significant role in prevention and treatment. Direct oral anticoagulants have taken the place of many traditional anticoagulants. Considering the recently approved indications and continued postmarketing studies conducted with rivaroxaban, this updated review provides data on the overall impact of obesity on this compound. This includes data obtained from both healthy obese volunteers and obese patients with various CVD conditions enrolled in rivaroxaban clinical trials, along with data obtained from postmarketing real-world evidence studies. Assessment of the clinical pharmacology and population pharmacokinetics in obese individuals revealed no clinically relevant effects of increased weight. Additionally, subgroup analyses from each of the pivotal phase III trials supporting the current approved labeling also demonstrated consistent efficacy and safety results in obese patients. Lastly, these findings are further supported by several recent real-world evidence studies assessing the continued effectiveness and safety of rivaroxaban. In conclusion, rivaroxaban’s overall pharmacological and clinical profile remained consistent in obese adults when assessed in both drug development and postmarketing studies, supporting the premise that higher weight does not necessitate adjustment in either dose strength or regimen.
Journal Article
Estuaries Face a Stormy Future
If we're lucky, most of us never come face-to-face with true devastation. For the residents of New Jersey's Bamegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor Estuary-no strangers to coastal storms-that luck ran out on October 29, 2012, when Superstorm Sandy struck. At more than 1,600 kilometers (1,000 miles) wide, it was the largest hurricane on record at the time. Advance warnings and the evacuation of thousands minimized the loss of life, but sustained hurricane-force winds of almost 130 kilometers per hour (80 miles per hour) and flood tides reaching four meters (13 feet) above mean low tide caused devastating damage to nearby homes and land areas on Island Beach and Long Beach Island, part of a barrier-island system extending for nearly 70 kilometers (43.5 miles). Sandy caused extensive damage to homes and land areas along the mainland as well.
Journal Article