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Shallow lakes are typically found in one of two stable states, a macrophyte-dominated clear water state or a turbid state due to excessive phytoplankton and suspended sediment. Whether shallow backwater lakes in large river floodplains exhibit similar alternate stable states is less understood. This study considers mechanisms, interactions and feedbacks associated with a shift in environmental conditions and biotic community structure in backwater lakes of a hydrologically dynamic floodplain river system. We use long-term data from backwater lakes to show an increase in submersed aquatic vegetation, improved water quality, and resulting shifts in the community structure of aquatic vegetation and fish following a 4 year period of summer low water discharge on the Upper Mississippi River. Backwater lakes in our study span a gradient of environmental conditions. Backwater lakes located in the upper reach of our study area were chronically turbid and support only sparse aquatic macrophytes, whereas those downriver exhibited clearer water and abundant vegetation. An increase in submersed aquatic vegetation in the lower backwater lakes resulted in a fish community shift to more vegetation-associated species. A lesser response in submersed aquatic vegetation abundance and fish community shift was observed in the upper, more turbid backwater lakes. The combination of vegetative cover and turbidity were key environmental variables associated with fish community structure in lower backwater lakes. Turbidity was the key environmental variable associated with submersed aquatic vegetation in both upper and lower backwaters. Providing further insight into the physical, chemical and biological interactions associated with ecological shifts will help guide management and restoration decisions towards more resilient, macrophyte-rich floodplain backwaters.

Recurrent neural networks have been shown to outperform other architectures when processing temporally correlated data, such as from wireless communication signals. However, compared to other architectures, such as convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks can suffer from drastically longer training and evaluation times due to their inherent sample-by-sample data processing, while traditional usage of both of these architectures assumes a fixed observation interval during both training and testing, the sample-by-sample processing capabilities of recurrent neural networks opens the door for alternative approaches. Rather than assuming that the testing and observation intervals are equivalent, the observation intervals can be “decoupled” or set independently. This can potentially reduce training times and will allow for trained networks to be adapted to different applications without retraining. This work illustrates the benefits and considerations needed when “decoupling” these observation intervals for spectrum sensing applications, using modulation classification as the example use case. The sample-by-sample processing of RNNs also allows for the relaxation of the typical requirement of a fixed time duration of the signals of interest. Allowing for variable observation intervals is important in real-time applications like cognitive radio where decisions need to be made as quickly and accurately as possible as well as in applications like electronic warfare in which the sequence length of the signal of interest may be unknown. This work examines a real-time post-processing method called “just enough” decision making that allows for variable observation intervals. In particular, this work shows that, intuitively, this method can be leveraged to process less data (i.e., shorter observation intervals) for simpler inputs (less complicated signal types or channel conditions). Less intuitively, this works shows that the “decoupling” is dependent on appropriate training to avoid bias and ensure generalization.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between contingency factors and reshoring drivers in the US textile and apparel industry. Design/methodology/approach Secondary data on the reshoring drivers and contingency factors for 140 US textile and apparel companies are analyzed using analysis of proportions. Findings The findings show that total annual revenue is significantly related to the reshoring driver of skilled workforce. No significant relationships are present between reshoring drivers and the region of the world reshored from not the region of the USA from which a company operates. There is a significant relationship between market segment and the reshoring driver of manufacturing process. The US production category (reshored, FDI, or kept from offshoring) exhibits a significant relationship with sustainability-related and cost-related reshoring drivers. Quality is a significant driver for reshoring from 2010 to 2016, although decreasing as a reported reason over that time period. Research limitations/implications Limitations include a focus on one industry, the lack of information to investigate the differences between companies making captive or outsourced reshoring decisions, and the use of companies who publicly announced reshoring. Practical implications This study outlines the relationships between contingency factors and reshoring drivers. The results provide companies with information about resources that will be demand (e.g. skilled workers) as well as policies and regulations that may be developed to address concerns such as sustainability. Originality/value This study adds to the limited number of studies on the relationships between contingency factors and reshoring drivers and contributes to the quantitative research on reshoring drivers.

Fundamental movements of migratory species can be substantially influenced by marine habitat disruptions caused by coastal infrastructure. The Hood Canal Bridge (HCB) spans the northern outlet of Hood Canal in the Salish Sea, extends 4.6 m (15 ft) underwater, and forms a partial barrier for steelhead migrating from Hood Canal to the Pacific Ocean. Spatial mark–recapture survival models using acoustic telemetry data indicate that only 49% (2017; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 40%–58%) and 56% (2018; 95% CI = 48%–65%) of the steelhead smolts encountering the HCB survived past the bridge and 7 km to the next array. We studied fine‐scale movements of more than 300 steelhead smolts to understand how migration behavior was affected across the entire length of the HCB and to quantify spatial and temporal patterns of mortality. Individually coded acoustic telemetry transmitters implanted in juvenile steelhead were used in conjunction with an extensive array of acoustic receivers surrounding the HCB to obtain approximations of the path each steelhead took as they encountered the bridge structure. Steelhead survival past the HCB appeared unaffected by tidal stage, population‐of‐origin, approach location, current velocity, or time of day, but was influenced by week of bridge encounter. Behavioral data from transmitters with temperature and depth sensors ingested by predators are consistent with high levels of marine mammal predation. This study confirms the considerable impact of the HCB on Endangered Species Act‐listed steelhead smolt survival, and provides detailed information on the behavior of steelhead smolts and their predators at the HCB for use in planning recovery actions.

Charting important new territory within medieval gender studies, Megan Moore explores the vital role that women played in transmitting knowledge and empire within Mediterranean cross-cultural marriages. Whereas cross-cultural exchange has typically been understood through the lens of male-centered translation work, this study, which is grounded in the relations between the west and Byzantium, examines cross-cultural marriage as a medium of literary and cultural exchange, one in which women's work was equally important as men’s.   Moore's readings of Old French and Medieval Greek texts reveal the extent to which women challenged the cultures into which they married and shaped their new courtly environments. Through the lens of medieval gender and postcolonial theory,  Exchanges in Exoticism  demonstrates how the process of cultural exchange – and empire building – extends well beyond our traditional assumptions about gender roles in the medieval Mediterranean.

Steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss smolts must migrate through distinct freshwater, estuarine, and coastal habitats, each with unique biological and physical characteristics, on their route from natal streams to the ocean to complete their life cycle. Fewer than 15% of steelhead smolts survived their migration from the Nisqually River through Puget Sound to the Pacific Ocean from 2006 to 2009 and in 2014. Rapid smolt migration coupled with evidence of smolt mortality at harbor seal Phoca vitulina haulouts during 2014 indicated that predation by pinnipeds was an important source of mortality. When Puget Sound temperatures increased with the Northeast Pacific marine heat wave from late 2014 to 2016, steelhead smolt survival probabilities increased to 38% in 2016 and 2017, then decreased again as Puget Sound water temperatures cooled. Many ecological changes accompanied the increased marine temperatures, including the increased abundance of northern anchovy Engraulis mordax in Puget Sound. The years of lowest smolt mortality coincided with abundant larval and post-larval anchovy during the previous year; and we provide data from telemetered harbor seals and steelhead indicating that the resulting high abundance of age-1+ anchovy provided an alternative prey source for predators of migrating steelhead smolts. Identification of ecological mechanisms that drive patterns in the survival of Endangered Species Act-threatened steelhead provides critical understanding of the systems within which management strategies must operate.

Extreme risk protection orders (ERPO) seek to temporarily reduce access to firearms for individuals at imminent risk of harming themselves and/or others. Clinicians, including physicians, nurse practitioners, and social workers regularly assess circumstances related to patients’ risk of firearm-related harm in the context of providing routine and acute clinical care. While clinicians cannot independently file ERPOs in most states, they can counsel patients or contact law enforcement about filing ERPOs. This study sought to understand clinicians’ perspectives about integrating ERPO counseling and contacting law enforcement about ERPOs into their clinical workflow. We analyzed responses to open-ended questions from an online survey distributed May-July of 2021 to all licensed physicians (n = 23,051), nurse practitioners (n = 8,049), and social workers (n = 6,910) in Washington state. Of the 4,242 survey participants, 1,126 (26.5%) responded to at least one of ten open-ended questions. Two coders conducted content analysis. Clinicians identified barriers and facilitators to integrating ERPOs into the clinical workflow; these influenced their preferences on who should counsel or contact law enforcement about ERPOs. Barriers included perceptions of professional scope, knowledge gaps, institutional barriers, perceived ERPO effectiveness and constitutionality, concern for safety (clinician and patient), and potential for damaging provider-patient therapeutic relationship. Facilitators to address these barriers included trainings and resources, dedicated time for counseling and remuneration for time spent counseling, education on voluntary removal options, and ability to refer patients to another clinician. Participants who were hesitant to be the primary clinician to counsel patients or contact law enforcement about ERPOs requested the ability to refer patients to a specialist, such as social workers or a designated ERPO specialist. Results highlight the complex perspectives across clinician types regarding the integration of ERPO counseling into the clinical workflow. We highlight areas to be addressed for clinicians to engage with ERPOs.

•First postcranial metric sex standards presented for a Colombian population.•Results include uni- and multivariate equations to apply to varied forensic cases.•Best univariate measurement is scapula height; best multivariate bone is scapula.•Results similar to North American Hispanic sample, though some variation. This research explores the best univariate and multivariate indicators for sex estimation using 51 standard osteometric measurements of all six major postcranial long bones, bones of the shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, and the calcaneus from a modern, Colombian skeletal collection. The hypotheses being tested are (1) that postcrania will yield accurate sex classification rates and (2) the shoulder girdle will demonstrate the highest discrimination, based on results from previous research. The sample consists of 134 individuals (50 females, 84 males) between the ages of 19 and 93 with a mean age of 47 years. The sample is from the Colombian Skeletal Collection, consisting of skeletons from cemeteries in Bogotá, with recent years of death. The methods include univariate and multivariate discriminant function analysis (DFA). The results for this sample indicate the same general pattern of univariate classification effectiveness as found in research on North Americans; however, here the humerus performs better than the distal femur and proximal tibia as demonstrated in some North American samples. The cross-validated percent correct univariate classification for the postcranial elements ranges from 64.8% to 86.1% (p<0.05). The highest univariate classification rates were for the scapular height (86.1%) and the humeral head diameter (86.0%). The highest multivariate classification rates are with the scapula (93.5%), os coxa (92.0%), clavicle (89.9%), humerus (89.1%), and ulna (89.1%). This study provides sectioning points to easily estimate sex using Colombian population-specific formulae. This research aids in forensic individuation, as the long bones of the postcranial elements are relatively resistant to taphonomic processes. Furthermore, the ability to achieve such a high degree of success from a single bone is preferable for the fast-paced forensic anthropology laboratories in Colombia that process hundreds to thousands of cases each year. This research plays an important role in the development of population standards in Colombia and South America and provides a robust method that can withstand courtroom scrutiny.

Rural Americans experience health disparities compared to those in urban areas, including higher incidence of disease, disability, and injury; higher mortality rates; and lower life expectancies. These disparities are driven, in part, by factors such as geographic isolation, transportation challenges, limited access to specialist healthcare providers, and socioeconomic disparities that impede equitable access to healthcare. These contextual factors are unique to each rural community, leading to challenges in developing appropriate and effective interventions to meet their unique health needs. There is no “one size fits all” approach: health interventions in the rural context must be tailored to each community’s unique characteristics, culture, and circumstances. We describe how three interdisciplinary mapping approaches (group concept mapping, communication asset mapping, and intervention mapping) can be used for engaging with rural communities in health equity research and, specifically, if used appropriately, can enhance community participation in the design of culturally tailored, accessible, and sustainable health services. Group concept mapping employs a participatory approach to gather and organize ideas from community members, facilitating collaboration and shared decision-making that can inform the directions of future interventions. Communication asset mapping is a structured approach to identify and evaluate community resources and capabilities to serve as sites for health promotion and education efforts. By identifying assets, community members are empowered to develop strategic approaches to leverage the strengths of their own communities. Both group concept mapping and communication asset mapping can be integrated as steps of the intervention mapping process, which provides a systematic framework for developing and tailoring effective interventions. By integrating these three approaches, community-engaged researchers and their partners can collaboratively design culturally appropriate, feasible, and sustainable interventions tailored to the specific needs and assets of rural communities.

Understanding the drivers of mortality during critical life history periods is an important part of increasing our capacity to rebuild depressed salmonid populations. For threatened steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss in Puget Sound, Washington, early marine predation has been implicated as a key source of mortality. Yet, the agents that mediate predation pressure are poorly understood. In this study, we characterize abundances of juvenile Coho Salmon O. kisutch and Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha in Puget Sound and relate these abundance patterns to weekly steelhead survival to better understand whether pulses of hatchery‐released salmonids mediate steelhead survival. We found that weekly abundances of hatchery Coho Salmon and Chinook Salmon smolts vary by several orders of magnitude across weeks, indicating that large resource pulses are available to salmonid predators. We further found that weekly steelhead survival was significantly negatively related to abundances of hatchery‐released Coho Salmon but not Chinook Salmon, which had considerably smaller body sizes than both Coho Salmon and steelhead smolts. Together, our results suggest that releases of Coho Salmon into Puget Sound mediate mortality of steelhead smolts, possibly via increased predation pressure by shared predators.