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In this study, the fused deposition modeling method was used to fabricate 3D-printed polycaprolactone (PCL). This study introduces a cost-effective post-fabrication treatment by using a Solubilized Amniotic Membrane (SAM) extracellular matrix (ECM) as a biological surface modifier. The employment of SAM provides an easy approach to overcoming the current challenges in the way of using fresh, cryopreserved, or dehydrated tissue. Four groups were included in this study, including neat PCL, oxygen plasma-treated PCL, SAM 0.001%w/v (SAM1), and SAM 0.005%w/v (SAM5). According to the SEM images, the diameter of each 3D-printed filament and filament distance were around 573 μm and 372 μm, respectively. The FTIR-ATR spectra confirmed the presence of amide groups in specimen, containing SAM. A higher weight loss rate was obtained for oxygen plasma-treated PCL and SAM-containing samples than neat PCL. The results of in vitro studies revealed that the optimized content of SAM (SAM 5) could promote the osteogenesis potency of Wharton-Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells (WJ-MSCs), cultured on the 3D-printed scaffolds in terms of alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium deposition and real-time PCR assessment of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and osteonectin. Also, in vivo, the collagen content in the control group and SAM 5 was 30.89 ± 1.73 and 44.24 ± 2.91, respectively. According to the Micro-CT assessment, the bone volume fraction was remarkably improved in the presence of SAM5 as it increased from 36.52 ± 1.56% in the control group to 42.66 ± 2.17% in SAM5. The results of the present study provide a promising surface modification approach by employing SAM for the future of bone tissue engineering scaffolds.

Background Tissue engineering has become increasingly applied for tissue repair purposes. Scaffolds, one of the main components of tissue engineering, provide a supportive framework for cell culture and growth. The objective of the present study was to investigate the odontogenic/osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells, cultured on a polycaprolactone (PCL)-based nanofibrous scaffold, coated with Biodentine. This study evaluated the use of Biodentine as a coating on nanofiber scaffolds and investigated the biological effects of this material on the differentiation of dental pulp stem cells, which hold promising applications in dental and bone tissue engineering. Methods This study is a basic research investigation. Initially, PCL nanofibrous scaffolds were produced through electrospinning, followed by a post-fabrication surface modification step. The morphology and properties of the scaffolds were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the surface treatment step, two different concentrations of Biodentine (0.05% and 0.01%) were applied on the mats. The biocompatibility of the scaffolds was assessed using an MTT assay on days 1, 3, and 5. Additionally, the odontogenic/osteogenic differentiation potency of fabricated scaffolds was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and deposited calcium of the cells on days 7, 14, and 21. Results SEM analysis revealed that Biodentine coating increased surface roughness, particularly at the 0.05% concentration, where excessive particle aggregation was observed. In contrast, the control PCL scaffold exhibited a well-organized fibrous structure with a smooth surface, whereas the 0.01% Biodentine-coated scaffold displayed a moderately roughened surface with uniformly distributed mineralized deposits. Cell viability was higher in the 0.01% Biodentine group, while the 0.05% concentration showed reduced proliferation. ALP activity peaked on day 14, and the highest level of calcium deposition was observed in the 0.01% Biodentine group on day 21, indicating enhanced biomineralization. Conclusion Biodentine/PCL scaffolds demonstrated notable and suitable physical and chemical properties. Furthermore, they enhanced odontogenic/osteogenic differentiation and mineralization compared to the control group. These findings support the potential of fabricated scaffolds for odontogenic/osteogenic differentiation applications.

In the present study, we hypothesized that the presence of gallic acid as an additive antioxidant agent and alendronate can improve the osteogenic differentiation potency of human adipose mesenchymal stem cells, cultured on the scaffolds with fiber-microparticle structures. For this purpose, a combination of electrospinning and electrospraying techniques was employed to prepare a fiber-microparticle structure, composed of polycaprolactone (PCL)–alendronate (ALN) fibers/gallic acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (GNP) @ polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) microparticles. GNPs were fabricated by a cross-junction microfluidic device. By adjusting the gallic acid concentration, three types of GNPs were fabricated. The morphology of fabricated nanoparticles was quasi-sphere. %Loading efficiency increased by employing higher concentrations of gallic acid. According to dynamic light scattering results, the average hydrodynamic diameter of nanoparticles was between 213 and 217 nm. The impact of ALN concentration on the size and morphology of PCL electrospun scaffolds was separately investigated by SEM in which PCL/ALN 2.5% was selected for the next steps. The % porosity of all samples was around 62–68%. The release profile of ALN was slower than gallic acid. The % 1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition analysis showed that the presence of gallic acid could effectively improve the additive antioxidant properties of fabricated scaffolds. According to the MTT results, the presence of ALN could significantly improve the proliferation of human adipose mesenchymal stem cells. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium deposition assessments on days 7, 14, and 21 and the evaluation of mRNA levels of ALP and osteopontin on days 7 and 14 confirmed the synergistic impact of gallic acid and ALN on osteogenic differentiation. Graphical abstract

The aim of this study is to fabricate functional scaffolds to gene delivery bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) plasmid for bone formation in bone tissue engineering. Dendriplexes (DPs) of generation 4 polyamidoamin (G4-PAMAM)/BMP-2 plasmid were prepared through microfluidic (MF) platform. The physiochemical properties and toxicity of DPs were evaluated by DLS, AFM, FESEM and MTT assay. In order to create a suitable environment for stem cell growth and differentiation, poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) and poly-l-lactic acid/poly (ethylene oxide) (PLLA/PEO) scaffolds containing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HA) and DPs were fabricated by the electrospinning method. The osteogenic potency of the scaffolds on human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASCs) was investigated. The results revealed that tuning the physical properties of DPs by adjusting flow parameters in microfluidic platform can easily improve the cell viability compared to conventional bulk mixing method. Also, the result showed that the presence of HA and DPs in PLLA/PEO scaffold enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and increased the amount of deposited Ca, as well as, related to osteogenesis gen markers. This study indicated that on using the MF platform in preparation of DPs and loading them along with HA in PLLA/PEO scaffold, the osteogenic differentiation of hASCs could be tuned.