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The purpose of this article is to broaden the information available on the chronology of the Inca expansion in Collasuyu by analyzing all radiocarbon dates obtained in Argentina’s Inca sites. We evaluated and classified all the dates (n=178) into three different groups (G1, G2, and G3), according to the quantity and quality of contextual information, and the possibility of effectively verifying this information through published articles. The interpretation was mainly based on the dates showing the best information regarding the origin and context of the samples (28 of the G1, and 36 of the G2). Our results indicate that the Inca advance started towards the beginnings of 15th Century AD in the northernmost part of Argentina and rapidly continued southwards, probably reaching the province of Mendoza some 50 years later. This study confirms the differences between the ethnohistoric chronology and the radiocarbon data, previously pointed out by other authors. Moreover, it suggests a sequence of at least three stages in which the Incas would have incorporated the existing territories until ca. 24°, 28°, and 34° 30' S, respectively. This is the first global study of Inca chronology in Argentina, and the first time that dates are classified to determine their level of context information and reliability.

Very-high-energy (VHE) interaction between cosmic-ray proton and nuclei in the atmosphere is still not perfectly understood and efforts to improve interaction models used in simulations are ongoing, with feedback from various collider and air shower experiments. Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) are indirect VHE gamma-ray detectors on the ground and cosmic-ray proton is a major background to gamma-ray measurements in these systems. Rejection power of background protons determines most part of the gamma-ray sensitivity curve of IACTs. As for an IACT system in design phase, simulated proton events are used to estimate the residual background level. We investigated the influence of the uncertainty in the current hadronic interaction models on the estimated gamma-ray sensitivity of Cherenkov Telescope Array, using several interaction models available in CORSIKA.

Numerous studies have explored mobility along the Qhapaq Ñan. Most of them examine how the road influenced local, regional, and imperial dynamics by fostering exchange relationships and connecting societies, people, and territories. These investigations explicitly or implicitly assume that it was male individuals who mobilized to build the Tahuantinsuyo, while women remained within the domestic unit or were confined to imperial buildings. In this study, we seek to acknowledge potential patterns of women’s mobility as part of female collectives, including those identified as acllas (chosen ones) or mamaconas (matrons) within the Tahuantinsuyo territory, through a gender perspective. We do so by drawing on five cases supported by biogenetic data and published textile analysis, as well as ethnohistorical data from Inca llacta cemeteries and capacocha ritual events (a ritual of obligation to the Inca state where infants were offered). We identified modes of movement that consider the distance traveled, the age of female individuals, and the political motives framing each activity, and which, in turn, construct identity, Finally, our analysis indicates that the visualization and analysis of individuals’ mobility experiences are associated with types of movement related to local, regional, or imperial political interests that reveal certain logics of movement that have been hidden, in this case, those of female experiences within the Tahuantinsuyo. Las investigaciones acerca de la movilidad sobre el Qhapaq Ñan han sido múltiples. La mayoría identifican las distintas maneras en que el camino ha determinado las dinámicas locales, regionales e imperiales, construyendo relaciones de intercambio, articulando sociedades, personas y territorios. Estas investigaciones asumen de manera explícita o implícita que fueron individuos masculinos quienes se movilizaron para construir el Tahuantinsuyo, mientras que las mujeres estarían dentro de la unidad doméstica o recluidas en edificios imperiales. En este trabajo nos proponemos, mediante una perspectiva de género, identificar posibles patrones de movilidad de las mujeres parte de colectivos femeninos, algunas de las cuales han sido identificadas como acllas (escogidas) o mamaconas (matronas) dentro del territorio del Tahuantinsuyo. Para ello hemos utilizado cinco casos que cuentan con información biogenética y análisis de textiles publicados, así como datos etnohistóricos que provienen de cementerios en llactas incas y de eventos rituales de capacocha —ritual de obligación al estado incaico donde se ofrendaban infantes—. Se identificaron maneras de desplazarse que tienen en cuenta la distancia a caminar, la edad de los individuos femeninos y los motivos políticos que enmarcan cada actividad y que, a su vez, construyen identidad. Finalmente, se indica que la visualización y el análisis de la experiencia de la movilidad de los individuos se asocian a tipos de movimiento relacionados con intereses políticos locales, regionales o imperiales que revelan ciertas lógicas de movimiento que han estado ocultas, en este caso, de las experiencias femeninas dentro del Tahuantinsuyo. As pesquisas a respeito da mobilidade sobre a Qhapaq Ñan têm sido variadas. A maioria delas identifica as diferentes maneiras pelas quais a estrada determinou a dinâmica local, regional e imperial, construindo relações de troca, articulando sociedades, pessoas e territórios. Essas investigações pressupõem, explicita ou implicitamente, que foram os indivíduos masculinos que se mobilizaram para construir o Tahuantinsuyo, enquanto as mulheres teriam ficado dentro da unidade doméstica ou confinadas aos edifícios imperiais. Neste trabalho, propomos, por meio de uma perspectiva de gênero, reconhecer possíveis padrões de mobilidade das mulheres que faziam parte de coletivos femininos, algumas das quais foram identificadas como acllas (escolhidas) ou mamaconas (matronas) no território de Tahuantinsuyo. Para isso, usamos cinco casos com informações biogenéticas e análises têxteis publicadas, bem como dados etno-históricos de cemitérios em llactas incas e de eventos rituais de capacocha (ritual de obrigação para com o estado inca, no qual os bebês eram oferecidos). Foram identificadas formas de locomoção que consideram a distância a ser percorrida, a idade dos indivíduos femininos e os motivos políticos que caracterizam cada atividade e que, por sua vez, constroem identidade. Por fim, é indicado que a visualização e a análise da experiência de mobilidade dos indivíduos estão associadas a tipos de movimento relacionados a interesses políticos locais, regionais ou imperiais que revelam certas lógicas de movimento que foram ocultadas, nesse caso, as experiências femininas dentro do Tahuantinsuyo.

The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) is the next-generation ground-based very-high-energy gamma-ray observatory. By using three types of telescopes CTA can cover a wide energy range (20 GeV–300 TeV) with an order of magnitude higher sensitivity than the current telescopes. The Large-Sized Telescope (LST) is designed to detect 20 GeV–1 TeV gamma rays thanks to the large light collection area, sensitive photosensors, a fast trigger system, and readout electronics. The camera readout system must have a high signal-to-noise ratio and a linear signal sampling with a large dynamic range in order to efficiently detect dim and low-energy atmospheric showers. To meet this requirement we use the Domino Ring Sampler version 4 (DRS4), which also enables ultra-fast sampling with low power consumption. Some of the intrinsic characteristics of DRS4 chips require software corrections. These procedures lower the effect of non-Gaussian noise contribution and improve the timing resolution of the system. In this contribution we discuss the calibration algorithms and the resulting performance.

Five barley chloroplast DNA microsatellites (cpSSRs) were used to study genetic relationships among a set of 186 barley accessions-34 Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum (HS accessions) from Morocco, Ethiopia, Cyprus, Crete, Libya, Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan and Israel, 122 H. vulgare ssp. vulgare landraces (HV landraces) from Spain, Bolivia (old Spanish introductions), Morocco, Libya and Ethiopia and 20 modern European spring barleys (HV cultivars). All loci were polymorphic in the material studied, with the number of alleles per locus ranging from two to three. Fifteen multi-locus haplotypes were observed, 11 in HS accessions and seven in HV landraces and cultivars. Of the seven haplotypes found in the HV lines, three were shared with the HS accessions, and four were unique. Cluster analysis revealed two main groups, one consisting of HS accessions from Ethiopia and the HV landraces from Spain, Bolivia (old Spanish), Morocco and Ethiopia, whereas the other larger group contained all of the other accessions studied. Based on these grouping and the existence of haplotypes found in the HV landraces and cultivars but not in the HS wild barley, a polyphyletic origin is proposed for barley, with further centres of origin in Ethiopia and the Western Mediterranean.

The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), an array of many tens of Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes deployed on an unprecedented scale, is the next-generation instrument in the field of very high energy gamma-ray astronomy. An average data stream of about 0.9 GB/s for about 1300 hours of observation per year is expected, therefore resulting in 4 PB of raw data per year and a total of 27 PB/year, including archive and data processing. The start of CTA operation is foreseen in 2018 and it will last about 30 years. The installation of the first telescopes in the two selected locations (Paranal, Chile and La Palma, Spain) will start in 2017. In order to select the best site candidate to host CTA telescopes (in the Northern and in the Southern hemispheres), massive Monte Carlo simulations have been performed since 2012. Once the two sites have been selected, we have started new Monte Carlo simulations to determine the optimal array layout with respect to the obtained sensitivity. Taking into account that CTA may be finally composed of 7 different telescope types coming in 3 different sizes, many different combinations of telescope position and multiplicity as a function of the telescope type have been proposed. This last Monte Carlo campaign represented a huge computational effort, since several hundreds of telescope positions have been simulated, while for future instrument response function simulations, only the operating telescopes will be considered. In particular, during the last 18 months, about 2 PB of Monte Carlo data have been produced and processed with different analysis chains, with a corresponding overall CPU consumption of about 125 M HS06 hours. In these proceedings, we describe the employed computing model, based on the use of grid resources, as well as the production system setup, which relies on the DIRAC interware. Finally, we present the envisaged evolutions of the CTA production system for the off-line data processing during CTA operations and the instrument response function simulations.

The search for detection of γ-rays from distant AGNs by Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) is challenging at high redshifts, not only because of lower flux due to the distance of the source, but also due to the consequent absorption of γ-rays by the extragalactic background light (EBL). Before the MAGIC discoveries reported in this work, the farthest source ever detected in the VHE domain was the blazar PKS 1424+240, at z > 0.6. MAGIC, a system of two 17 m of diameter IACTs located in the Canary island of La Palma, has been able to go beyond that limit and push the boundaries for VHE detection to redshifts z ~ 1. The two sources detected and analyzed, the blazar QSO B0218+357 and the FSRQ PKS 1441+25 are located at redshift z = 0.944 and z = 0.939 respectively. QSO B0218+357 is also the first gravitational lensed blazar ever detected in VHE. The activity, triggered by Fermi-LAT in high energy γ-rays, was followed up by other instruments, such as the KVA telescope in the optical band and the Swift-XRT in X-rays. In the present work we show results on MAGIC analysis on QSO B0218+357 and PKS 1441+25 together with multiwavelength lightcurves. The collected dataset allowed us to test for the first time the present generation of EBL models at such distances.

Las investigaciones acerca de la movilidad sobre el Qhapaq Nan han sido multiples. La mayoria identifican las distintas maneras en que el camino ha determinado las dinamicas locales, regionales e imperiales, construyendo relaciones de intercambio, articulando sociedades, personas y territorios. Estas investigaciones asumen de manera explicita o implicita que fueron individuos masculinos quienes se movilizaron para construir el Tahuantinsuyo, mientras que las mujeres estarian dentro de la unidad domestica o recluidas en edificios imperiales. En este trabajo nos proponemos, mediante una perspectiva de genero, identificar posibles patrones de movilidad de las mujeres parte de colectivos femeninos, algunas de las cuales han sido identificadas como acllas (escogidas) o mamaconas (matronas) dentro del territorio del Tahuantinsuyo. Para ello hemos utilizado cinco casos que cuentan con informacion biogenetica y analisis de textiles publicados, asi como datos etnohistoricos que provienen de cementerios en llactas incas y de eventos rituales de capacocha--ritual de obligacion al estado incaico donde se ofrendaban infantes--. Se identificaron maneras de desplazarse que tienen en cuenta la distancia a caminar, la edad de los individuos femeninos y los motivos politicos que enmarcan cada actividad y que, a su vez, construyen identidad. Finalmente, se indica que la visualizacion y el analisis de la experiencia de la movilidad de los individuos se asocian a tipos de movimiento relacionados con intereses politicos locales, regionales o imperiales que revelan ciertas logicas de movimiento que han estado ocultas, en este caso, de las experiencias femeninas dentro del Tahuantinsuyo. Palabras clave: acllas, genero, mamaconas, movilidad femenina, Qhapaq Nan. Numerous studies have explored mobility along the Qhapaq Nan. Most of them examine how the road influenced local, regional, and imperial dynamics by fostering exchange relationships and connecting societies, people, and territories. These investigations explicitly or implicitly assume that it was male individuals who mobilized to build the Tahuantinsuyo, while women remained within the domestic unit or were confined to imperial buildings. In this study, we seek to acknowledge potential patterns of women's mobility as part of female collectives, including those identified as acllas (chosen ones) or mamaconas (matrons) within the Tahuantinsuyo territory, through a gender perspective. We do so by drawing on five cases supported by biogenetic data and published textile analysis, as well as ethnohistorical data from Inca llacta cemeteries and capacocha ritual events (a ritual of obligation to the Inca state where infants were offered). We identified modes of movement that consider the distance traveled, the age of female individuals, and the political motives framing each activity, and which, in turn, construct identity, Finally, our analysis indicates that the visualization and analysis of individuals' mobility experiences are associated with types of movement related to local, regional, or imperial political interests that reveal certain logics of movement that have been hidden, in this case, those of female experiences within the Tahuantinsuyo. Keywords: acllas, female mobility, gender, mamaconas, Qhapaq Nan. As pesquisas a respeito da mobilidade sobre a Qhapaq Nan tem sido variadas. A maioria delas identifica as diferentes maneiras pelas quais a estrada determinou a dinamica local, regional e imperial, construindo relacoes de troca, articulando sociedades, pessoas e territorios. Essas investigacoes pressupoem, explicita ou implicitamente, que foram os individuos masculinos que se mobilizaram para construir o Tahuantinsuyo, enquanto as mulheres teriam ficado dentro da unidade domestica ou confinadas aos edificios imperiais. Neste trabalho, propomos, por meio de uma perspectiva de genero, reconhecer possiveis padroes de mobilidade das mulheres que faziam parte de coletivos femininos, algumas das quais foram identificadas como adias (escolhidas) ou mamaconas (matronas) no territorio de Tahuantinsuyo. Para isso, usamos cinco casos com informacoes biogeneticas e analises texteis publicadas, bem como dados etno-historicos de cemiterios em llactas incas e de eventos rituais de capacocha (ritual de obrigacao para com o estado inca, no qual os bebes eram oferecidos). Foram identificadas formas de locomocao que consideram a distancia a ser percorrida, a idade dos individuos femininos e os motivos politicos que caracterizam cada atividade e que, por sua vez, constroem identidade. Por fim, e indicado que a visualizacao e a analise da experiencia de mobilidade dos individuos estao associadas a tipos de movimento relacionados a interesses politicos locais, regionais ou imperiais que revelam certas logicas de movimento que foram ocultadas, nesse caso, as experiencias femininas dentro do Tahuantinsuyo. Palavras-chave: acllas, genero, mamaconas, mobilidade feminina, Qhapaq Nan.

Assessment of dormancy inception, maintenance and release was studied for artificially dried immature seeds harvested throughout seed development in the barley cv. Triumph and its mutant line TL43. Each was grown in Spain and Scotland under low and high dormancy inducing conditions, respectively. Both TL43 and Triumph followed a similar pattern of release from dormancy across the seasons, although seeds of TL43 were able to germinate at an earlier seed development stage. Abscisic acid (ABA) content was also studied in immature grains throughout the seed development period. Total amount of ABA in seeds of Triumph and TL43 was higher in plants grown in Scotland than in Spain. However, no clear genotypic differences in ABA pattern in the course of grain development could be detected whilst significant genotypic differences were observed for germination percentage (GP). Endogenous ABA content alone throughout grain development did not explain genetic differences in GP within environments. Environmental and genetic differences in dormancy were also observed on mature seeds throughout the after‐ripening period. The initial germination (GP0) played a key role in the sensitivity to ABA of post‐harvest mature seeds. For the same after‐ripening stage, TL43 was more insensitive to exogenous ABA than Triumph. However, ABA responses in seeds of the two genotypes with similar GP0 at different after‐ripening stages were comparable. Therefore, differences in exogenous ABA sensitivity of post‐harvest mature grain of these two genotypes seemed to be determined by, or coincident with, the initial germination percentage.

The atmospheric Cherenkov gamma-ray telescope MAGIC, designed for a low-energy threshold, has detected very-high-energy gamma rays from a giant flare of the distant Quasi-Stellar Radio Source (in short: radio quasar) 3C 279, at a distance of more than 5 billion light-years (a redshift of 0.536). No quasar has been observed previously in very-high-energy gamma radiation, and this is also the most distant object detected emitting gamma rays above 50 gigaelectron volts. Because high-energy gamma rays may be stopped by interacting with the diffuse background light in the universe, the observations by MAGIC imply a low amount for such light, consistent with that known from galaxy counts.