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Now you see me 2 : the closer you look, the less you'll see
The Four Horsemen are on a new mission to steal a chip that can decrypt any electronic device in the world.
DVD
Nitrous Oxide Treatment after Pollination Induces Ploidy Changes in Statice (Limonium sp.)
The production of statice (Limonium sp.) plants with higher ploidy through induction of whole-genome duplication (WGD) via the spindle disrupter nitrous oxide (N2O) was examined as a strategy to increase the germplasm diversity of the species. Furthermore, the impact of the resulting ploidy changes on the morphological features of the progeny was examined. Intraspecific crosses between diploid plants of Limonium sinuatum (L.) Mill and L. perezii (Stapf) Hubb. were conducted daily for seven consecutive days, with subsequent exposure to N2O. Within the resulting progeny, between 16% and 35% of plants were polyploid when N2O was applied between one and four days after pollination. A comparative analysis between diploid and tetraploid progeny was conducted, using a selection of 10 L. sinuatum (5 diploids and 5 tetraploids) and 7 L. perezii (4 diploids and 3 tetraploids) genotypes. The results revealed differences between tetraploids and their diploid counterparts for most of the evaluated characteristics. Tetraploid plants of L. sinuatum and L. perezii exhibited pollen grains 1.5 times larger in plan area; the leaves and main floral stem diameter were 1.2 and 1.5 times thicker for L. sinuatum and L. perezii, respectively, the guard cell length was 1.4 times greater for both species, while the stomatal density was 0.6 times lower for L. perezii and 0.8 for L. sinuatum. The leaf area and main floral stem wings were affected by the ploidy increase only for L. sinuatum. In this regard, tetraploid plants of L. sinuatum displayed leaves 1.8 times bigger and main floral steam wings 2.4 times wider in comparison to diploid plants. In conclusion, the production of tetraploid Limonium plants using N2O shortly after pollination creates new diversity for breeding. These findings underscore the potential for leveraging polyploidy as a strategy to enhance desirable traits in Limonium species.
Journal Article
The Reproductive Biology of Limonium sinuatum and L. perezii—A Perspective for Future Breeding
This review examines the reproductive biology of Limonium, mainly L. sinuatum and L. perezii, and explores the breeding strategies employed for these species. Limonium is one of the 20 most cultivated genera in the ornamental plant industry worldwide, with novelty sought in traits such as flower color, stem quality and disease resistance. Approximately 85% of the species in this genus present pollen/stigma dimorphism and self-incompatibility, presenting both challenges and opportunities for breeding. Breeding strategies such as interspecific hybridization, ploidy manipulation and chromosomal mutation have been used to increase the diversity of material available to breeders. In this review, we highlight how insights into reproductive biology, combined with advanced breeding techniques, can accelerate the development of fertile interspecific hybrids and broaden the genetic base for future Limonium breeding programs.
Journal Article
Correction: Nadarajan et al. Development, Management and Utilization of a Kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) In Vitro Collection: A New Zealand Perspective. Plants 2023, 12, 2009
In the original publication [...]
Journal Article
QTL Mapping for Resistance to Cankers Induced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) in a Tetraploid Actinidia chinensis Kiwifruit Population
Polyploidy is a key driver of significant evolutionary changes in plant species. The genus Actinidia (kiwifruit) exhibits multiple ploidy levels, which contribute to novel fruit traits, high yields and resistance to the canker-causing dieback disease incited by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) biovar 3. However, the genetic mechanism for resistance to Psa observed in polyploid kiwifruit is not yet known. In this study we performed detailed genetic analysis of a tetraploid Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis population derived from a cross between a female parent that exhibits weak tolerance to Psa and a highly Psa-resistant male parent. We used the capture-sequencing approach across the whole kiwifruit genome and generated the first ultra-dense maps in a tetraploid kiwifruit population. We located quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for Psa resistance on these maps. Our approach to QTL mapping is based on the use of identity-by-descent trait mapping, which allowed us to relate the contribution of specific alleles from their respective homologues in the male and female parent, to the control of Psa resistance in the progeny. We identified genes in the diploid reference genome whose function is suggested to be involved in plant defense, which underly the QTLs, including receptor-like kinases. Our study is the first to cast light on the genetics of a polyploid kiwifruit and suggest a plausible mechanism for Psa resistance in this species.
Journal Article
Development, Management and Utilization of a Kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) In Vitro Collection: A New Zealand Perspective
The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR) supports a large kiwifruit breeding program that includes more than twenty Actinidia species. Almost all the kiwifruit accessions are held as field collections across a range of locations, though not all plants are at multiple locations. An in vitro collection of kiwifruit in New Zealand was established upon the arrival of Pseudomonas syringae pv. Actinadiae-biovar 3 in 2010. The value of an in vitro collection has been emphasized by restrictions on importation of new plants into New Zealand and increasing awareness of the array of biotic and abiotic threats to field collections. The PFR in vitro collection currently holds about 450 genotypes from various species, mostly A. chinensis var. chinensis and A. chinensis var. deliciosa. These collections and the in vitro facilities are used for germplasm conservation, identification of disease-free plants, reference collections and making plants available to users. Management of such a diverse collection requires appropriate protocols, excellent documentation, training, sample tracking and databasing and true-to-type testing, as well as specialized facilities and resources. This review also discusses the New Zealand biosecurity and compliance regime governing kiwifruit plant movement, and how protocols employed by the facility aid the movement of pathogen-free plants within and from New Zealand.
Journal Article
Multiple quantitative trait loci contribute to resistance to bacterial canker incited by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis)
Pseudomonas syringae
pv.
actinidiae
(Psa) biovar 3, a virulent, canker-inducing pathogen is an economic threat to the kiwifruit (
Actinidia
spp.) industry worldwide. The commercially grown diploid (2×)
A. chinensis
var.
chinensis
is more susceptible to Psa than tetraploid and hexaploid kiwifruit. However information on the genetic loci modulating
Psa
resistance in kiwifruit is not available. Here we report mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) regulating resistance to Psa in a diploid kiwifruit population, derived from a cross between an elite Psa-susceptible ‘Hort16A’ and a resistant male breeding parent P1. Using high-density genetic maps and intensive phenotyping, we identified a single QTL for Psa resistance on Linkage Group (LG) 27 of ‘Hort16A’ revealing 16–19% phenotypic variance and candidate alleles for susceptibility and resistance at this loci. In addition, six minor QTLs were identified in P1 on distinct LGs, exerting 4–9% variance. Resistance in the F1 population is improved by additive effects from ‘Hort16A’ and P1 QTLs providing evidence that divergent genetic pathways interact to combat the virulent Psa strain. Two different bioassays further identified new QTLs for tissue-specific responses to Psa. The genetic marker at LG27 QTL was further verified for association with Psa resistance in diploid
Actinidia chinensis
populations. Transcriptome analysis of Psa-resistant and susceptible genotypes in field revealed hallmarks of basal defense and provided candidate RNA-biomarkers for screening for Psa resistance in greenhouse conditions.
Journal Article
The sword in the zone: Fantasies of land-use planning law
The theme of this article is that the contradictory impulses found in modern land-use planning law are impossible to overcome. The analysis takes place at two levels; that is, on the level of law and on the level of land-use planning. In the first place, the case law on the decision-making authority of municipal bodies and their provincial review boards will be examined in an effort to clarify, if possible, the question of whether land development raises issues that are, at heart, law or policy and, consequently, whether they are entitled to intervention or deference by reviewing courts. That case law, which forms a shell for land-use planning approaches, is then filled in with an examination of divergent approaches toward fashioning the liveable city. The regulatory flux between density and sprawl and the tension between more recent new-urbanist designs and the traditional suburban development plan are explored, demonstrating that neo-urban hub developments are premised on a false vision of collective social experiences, while suburban garden developments are premised on the hollow dream of an idyllic society. Each of these competing approaches simultaneously answers the weaknesses of the other and contains weaknesses of its own that are answerable by the other. Given this incoherence, this article, therefore, endorses a substantial deregulation of the field. Paradoxically, this advocacy of privatization does not proceed, first and foremost, out of respect for the value of the market as efficient regulator; rather, it proceeds out respect for the values inherent in public regulation and administrative law - values which government land-use planning has found impossible to achieve.
Journal Article
Haploid and doubled haploid plants from developing male and female gametes of Gentiana triflora
Protocols were developed for the generation of haploid or doubled haploid plants from developing microspores and ovules of Gentiana triflora. Plant regeneration was achieved using flower buds harvested at the mid to late uninucleate stages of microspore development and then treated at 4°C for 48 h prior to culture. Anthers and ovaries were cultured on modified Nitsch and Nitsch medium supplemented with a combination of naphthoxyacetic acid and benzylaminopurine. The explants either regenerated new plantlets directly or produced callus that regenerated into plantlets upon transfer to basal media supplemented with benzylaminopurine. Among seven genotypes of different ploidy levels used, 0-32.6% of cultured ovary pieces and 0-18.4% of cultured anthers regenerated plants, with all the genotypes responding either through ovary or anther culture. Flow cytometry confirmed that 98% of regenerated plants were either diploid or haploid. Diploid regenerants were shown to be gamete-derived by observing parental band loss using RAPD markers. Haploid plants were propagated on a proliferation medium and then treated with oryzalin for 4 weeks before transfer back to proliferation medium. Most of the resulting plants were diploids. Over 150 independently derived diploidised haploid plants have been deflasked. The protocol has been successfully used to regenerate plants from developing gametes of seven different diploid, triploid and tetraploid G. triflora genotypes.
Journal Article
The Aesthetics of International Law
InThe Aesthetics of International Law, Ed Morgan engages in a literary parsing of international legal texts. In order to demonstrate how these types of legal narratives are imbued with modernist aesthetics, Morgan juxtaposes international legal documents and modern (as well as some immediately pre- and post-modern) literary texts.
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