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Legislation in 1978 led to the gradual replacement of mental hospitals in Italy with a full range of community-based services, including facilities for acute in-patient care. To survey the main characteristics of Italian public and private in-patient facilities for acute psychiatric disorders. Structured interviews were conducted with each facility's head psychiatrist in all Italian regions, with the exception of Sicily. Overall, Italy (except Sicily) has a total of 4108 public in-patient beds in 319 facilities, with 0.78 beds for every 10,000 inhabitants, and 4862 beds in 54 private in-patient facilities, with 0.94 beds per 10,000 inhabitants. In 2001 the rates of psychiatric admissions and admitted patients per 10,000 inhabitants were 26.7 and 17.8 respectively. In the same year the percentage of involuntary admissions was 12.9%, for a total of 114,570 hospital days. Many in-patient facilities showed significant limitations in terms of architectural and logistic characteristics. Staffing showed a great variability among facilities. The overall number of acute beds per 10,000 inhabitants is one of the lowest in Europe. The survey has provided evidence of two parallel systems of in-patient care, a public one and a private one, which are not fully interchangeable.

Background: The safety and efficacy of paliperidone extended-release tablets (paliperidone ER) in patients with acute symptoms of schizophrenia have been described in 3 randomized, double-blind, 6-week, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose, Phase III clinical trials. The validity and reliability of the Personal and Social Performance (PSP) scale, both in patients with acute symptoms of schizophrenia and those with stabilized symptoms, have also been reported. Objective: The aim of this work was to estimate the treatment benefit of paliperidone ER compared with placebo in terms of improvements in personal and social functioning as measured by the PSP scale in 3 controlled clinical trials. Methods: Data were derived from 3 paliperidone ER multicenter Phase III pivotal studies of patients with acute symptoms of schizophrenia. Each study included a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled, parallel-group, 6-week treatment period with an open-label extension of paliperidone ER treatment. Patients were randomized to receive paliperidone ER, olanzapine 10 mg, or placebo once daily. Paliperidone ER doses were 3, 9, and 15 mg/d in 1 study; 6, 9, and 12 mg/d in another; and 6 and 12 mg/d in the third. Collectively, 1306 intent-to-treat patients received placebo or paliperidone ER in these 3 trials. Most (61.7%) were white; 21.6% were black, 8.8% were Asian, and 7.9% were of another race. The mean age ranged from 36.3 to 39.4 years across treatment groups. Multiple analyses were applied to PSP data (for which higher scores indicate better personal and social functioning) from these paliperidone ER studies: between-group minimum important difference (MID) estimates; responder analyses; between-group cumulative frequency comparisons of PSP change from baseline to end point; and number-needed-to-treat (NNT) estimates. Results: Standardized differences and effect sizes between paliperidone ER and placebo in PSP mean change from baseline to end point ranged from 0.52 to 0.85 for all paliperidone ER doses. Observed between-group differences (paliperidone ER minus placebo) in PSP mean change from baseline to end point exceeded the between-group MID of 7 points at all paliperidone ER doses. The percentage of patients achieving at least one 10-point category improvement in the PSP was higher with all paliperidone ER doses (range, 49.6%–63.6%) than placebo (33.1%) ( P < 0.005). Across the distribution of all possible PSP scores, the percentage of patients achieving any level of change appeared to be greater for paliperidone ER than for placebo at all doses. Derived NNTs for improved personal and social functioning based on paliperidone ER trials ranged from 3.3 to 6.1. The improvement in personal and social functioning achieved by patients receiving paliperidone ER during the double-blind studies was maintained throughout the 52-week, open-label extension studies, as assessed using multiple definitions of response; subjects in the placebo arm during doubleblind treatment appeared to achieve and maintain improved functioning when switched to paliperidone ER for the extension studies. Conclusion: These results suggest that paliperidone ER had a meaningful treatment benefit with respect to improving personal and social functioning in these patients with acute symptoms of schizophrenia.

Background While in the last 5 years several studies have been conducted in Italy on the prevalence of mental disorders in adults, to date no epidemiological study has been targeted on mental disorders in adolescents. Method A two-phase study was conducted on 3,418 participants using the child behavior checklist/6–18 (CBCL) and the development and well-being assessment (DAWBA), a structured interview with verbatim reports reviewed by clinicians. Results The prevalence of CBCL caseness and DSM-IV disorders was 9.8% (CI 8.8–10.8%) and 8.2% (CI 4.2–12.3%), respectively. DSM-IV Emotional disorders were more frequently observed (6.5% CI 2.2–10.8%) than externalizing disorders (1.2% CI 0.2–2.3%). In girls, prevalence estimates increased significantly with age; furthermore, living with a single parent, low level of maternal education, and low family income were associated with a higher likelihood of suffering from emotional or behavioral problems. Conclusions Approximately one in ten adolescents has psychological problems. Teachers and clinicians should focus on boys and girls living with a single parent and/or in disadvantaged socioeconomic conditions.

To present 1-month, 12-month and lifetime prevalence estimates of mood, anxiety and alcohol disorders in Italy; and the socio-demographic correlates and comorbidity patterns of these estimated disorders. A representative random sample of non-institutionalised citizens of Italy aged 18 or older (N=4,712) was interviewed between January 2001 and July 2003, with a weighted response rate of 71.3%. DSM-IV disorders were assessed by lay interviewers using Version 3.0 of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). A total of 11% of respondents reported a lifetime history of any mood disorder, 10.3% any anxiety disorder and 1.3% any alcohol disorder. About 5% reported having an anxiety disorder in the past 12 months compared to 3.3% for any mood disorder and 0.2% for any alcohol disorder. Major depression and specific phobia were the most common mental disorders. Women were twice as likely as men to report a mood disorder and four times as likely as men to report an anxiety disorder, while men were twice as likely as women to report an alcohol disorder. High comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders was observed. Prevalence estimates were generally lower than in parallel surveys carried out in other Western European countries. A high proportion of adults in Italy have a history of mood, anxiety or alcohol disorders. The lower than expected prevalence estimate of alcohol use disorder may be due to under-reporting or to low social harm from alcohol consumption.

To survey all Residential Facilities (RFs) for older people (more than 50% residents over 65 years of age) in five Italian regions (Calabria, Sardinia, Sicily, Umbria, Veneto), and to evaluate their logistic and organizational characteristics and staff and resident features. Structured interviews with RF managers; selected RFs operating in five regions. A total of 853 RFs were operating in the five regions, with an average of 198.0 beds per 10,000 older people - a rate showing marked regional variability. The number of RFs actually surveyed was 754 (88.4% of sample pool). The mean number of RF beds was 59.8 (+/-65.0; median: 34), and the great majority (96%) had 24-hour staff cover. A large proportion (29%) were managed by local municipal authorities, religious non-profit associations (approx. 24%) and other non-profit organizations (approx. 21%). In the RFs 24,456 workers were employed; the number of staff per facility also showed great variability. The mean number of workers directly involved in resident care was 27.8 (+/-39.0; range: 1-331); the median number of staff members was 14, and the resident/staff ratio was 2.1. These 754 RFs hosted 42,687 residents, with an average of 53.5 (+/-58.5) older people in each facility, and 3.2 residents below the age of 65. The mean age of the entire resident sample was 79.3 years (+/-5.2) and there was a high proportion of residents with neurological (including dementia), psychiatric and medical disorders. The five regions varied considerably in residential bed provision; many other RF characteristics, including staff/resident ratios, showed similar variability. Most RFs hosted older people with a variety of neurological, psychiatric and medical disorders. Future phases of the project will aim at shedding light on many other features in these institutions, which care for 2.1% of the older population in Italy and may serve even greater proportions of older people in the future.

Although various surveys on job satisfaction have been performed in mental health care settings, no studies have investigated in-depth the level of satisfaction with the various aspects of work in Italian mental health services. In the present study, all clinical mental health staff working in a large psychiatric catchment area in Rome were invited to anonymously complete a previously validated questionnaire designed to measure job satisfaction among mental health professionals. Of the total 236 health professionals, 196 (83%) agreed to participate. Most participants were not completely satisfied with many aspects of their job, and many were not even moderately satisfied. The level of satisfaction increased with age, and it was significantly lower among hospital-ward staff compared to the staff of outpatient clinics or residential facilities, even after adjusting for age, gender, profession, work setting, and time in current job, using a multiple logistic regression model. Our findings suggest that interventions aimed at increasing job satisfaction among Italian mental health professionals might be warranted, particularly among hospital-ward staff. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

This paper examines the correlations between ‘Theory of Mind’ (ToM) and neurocognitive performance, together with clinical and social functioning, in out-patients with schizophrenic disorders. It was hypothesised that, since the ability to make inferences about the environment and about other peoples’ mental states is a key ingredient of social competence, the assessment of ToM would correlate more strongly with current social functioning than with more traditional neurocognitive measures. ‘Independent raters’ assessed Theory of Mind, neurocognitive and clinical variables as well as community functioning in 44 subjects with schizophrenia. The neuropsychological measures were more closely associated with community functioning than with psychiatric symptoms. These associations remained evident when the effects of intelligence were controlled. Patients with a higher level of competence in making social inferences had better overall community functioning than those who showed less ability in this aspect of social cognition. In a regression model, the capacity to comprehend other people’s mental states (ToM-2) was among the best predictors of global social functioning, together with recent onset of illness, good verbal fluency and low levels of negative and positive symptoms. These results are consistent with other recent findings. ToM measures of social cognition may be a useful addition to neuropsychological assessment when developing programmes for reducing clinical impairments and improving the community functioning of subjects with schizophrenic disorders. Further studies are needed to verify the value of these measures as predictors of the successful application of specific psychosocial rehabilitation strategies.

Quality of Life (QOL) is an outcome measure particularly useful to assess the effects of deinstitutionalization policies. To date no large-scale study has been conducted in residential facilities (RFs). Participants included 1492 subjects living in 174 RFs (20% of the total) randomly sampled in 15 Italian regions. Assessment instruments included the WHOQOL-Bref, the GAF, and the Physical Health Index (PHI). WHOQOL scores of residents were compared with those of healthy subjects (N = 65) and outpatients with schizophrenia (N = 162). Multivariate analyses were used to examine the relationship between selected patients' characteristics and WHOQOL scores. Mean WHOQOL scores of residents were similar to those of outpatients with schizophrenia, and substantially lower than those of healthy controls. Lower scores on WHOQOL domains were associated with schizophrenia and non-affective psychoses, unipolar depression, anxiety or somatoform disorders, shorter duration of illness, positive, negative or mood symptoms, lower GAF scores, no participation in internal activities, and PHI score. Our findings are consistent with previous studies. The present study highlights a marked difference between patients in RFs and healthy controls in the social domain. This suggests the need of well-designed rehabilitation plans, tailored to patients' needs, to foster the development of their independence and, ultimately, improve their QOL.

Objectives. To validate a brief self-completed questionnaire for routinely assessing patients’ opinions on the quality of care in inpatient psychiatric wards (Rome Opinion Questionnaire for Psychiatric Wards). Design. A preliminary version was assessed for face and content validity by eight psychiatrists and two patient focus groups. The final version was evaluated for acceptability, factor structure, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. Setting. An inpatient psychiatric ward in a general hospital in Rome. Study participants. The questionnaire was administered to all consecutive inpatients admitted over a 6-month period (n = 169). Test-retest reliability was evaluated by administering the questionnaire for a second time to 27 inpatients. Main outcome measures. Face and content validity: psychiatrists and focus groups’ opinions on relevance, importance, and clarity; acceptability: inpatients’ opinions on user-friendliness; factor analysis: principal component analysis; internal consistency: Cronbach’s alpha; test-retest reliability: Cohen’s weighted kappa coefficient, intraclass correlation coefficient. Results. After evaluating face and content validity, the questionnaire was reduced to 10 items. Inpatients found the questionnaire to be acceptable. Factor analysis revealed that three factors—professional qualities of staff, information received, and physical environment—explained 67.2% of total variance. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.82 for the questionnaire and 0.61, 0.71, and 0.35 for the three factors, respectively. Test-retest reliability was good; weighted kappa higher than 0.9 for three items and 0.6–0.9 for seven items. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.80. Conclusions. The questionnaire seems to be adequate for evaluating patients’ opinions on care in inpatient psychiatric wards. Because of its user-friendliness, it may be particularly suitable for routine use.

Background: Adherence to highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) is critical to long-term treatment success in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, the relationship between psychological variables and medication adherence is still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate how anger dimensions in subjects with HIV affect adherence to antiretroviral drugs. Methods: One hundred and thirty outpatients with HIV who were nondepressed and receiving HAART were administered the State-Trait Anger Inventory and a compliance self-report questionnaire. They also underwent clinical laboratory tests aimed at investigating immune function and disease stage. Results: Forty-three patients (33%) reported suboptimal adherence. Full compliance with HAART was related to higher age, lower HIV RNA level, lower trait anger, lower outside-directed anger and greater anger control. In a multiple regression analysis, low trait anger (p = 0.02) and high anger control (p = 0.03) were significantly associated with full adherence to HAART. Conclusions: Anger dimensions are linked with, and may affect, adherence to HAART. A better understanding of the psychological determinants of compliance might allow for the identification of patients who are at higher risk of nonadherence. To sustain adherence to HAART, these patients may benefit from increased clinical attention or intervention.