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"Morris, R."
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Comeback : America's new economic boom
Argues that the United States is in the brink of a strong recovery from the 2008 global financial crisis, claiming that such booming new industries as shale-based oil will generate millions of new jobs and tame inherited deficits.
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Beyond fossil fuel–driven nitrogen transformations
How much carbon does it take to make nitric acid? The counterintuitive answer nowadays is quite a lot. Nitric acid is manufactured by ammonia oxidation, and all the hydrogen to make ammonia via the Haber-Bosch process comes from methane. That's without even accounting for the fossil fuels burned to power the process. Chen et al. review research prospects for more sustainable routes to nitrogen commodity chemicals, considering developments in enzymatic, homogeneous, and heterogeneous catalysis, as well as electrochemical, photochemical, and plasma-based approaches. Science , this issue p. eaar6611 Nitrogen is fundamental to all of life and many industrial processes. The interchange of nitrogen oxidation states in the industrial production of ammonia, nitric acid, and other commodity chemicals is largely powered by fossil fuels. A key goal of contemporary research in the field of nitrogen chemistry is to minimize the use of fossil fuels by developing more efficient heterogeneous, homogeneous, photo-, and electrocatalytic processes or by adapting the enzymatic processes underlying the natural nitrogen cycle. These approaches, as well as the challenges involved, are discussed in this Review.
Journal Article
Progress towards therapies for disease modification in Parkinson's disease
The development of interventions to slow or halt the progression of Parkinson's disease remains a priority for patients and researchers alike. To date, no agents have been shown to have unequivocal evidence of disease-modifying effects in Parkinson's disease. The absence of disease-modifying treatments might relate not only to inadequate approaches for the selection of therapeutic candidates but also to insufficient attention to detail in clinical trial design. Better understanding of Parkinson's disease pathogenesis associated with advances in laboratory models, the use of objective biomarkers of disease progression and target engagement, and a focus on agents known to be safe for human use, alongside the use of precision medicine approaches, should together greatly increase the likelihood for successful identification of disease-modifying treatments for Parkinson's disease.
Journal Article
Abundant Metals Give Precious Hydrogenation Performance
Iron- or cobalt-based catalysts have outperformed traditional precious metal catalysts in several hydrogenation reactions. [Also see Reports by Jagadeesh et al. , Friedfeld et al. , and Zuo et al. ] Homogeneous catalysts based on precious metals have enabled highly selective synthesis of organic compounds. Precious metal catalysts including ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), and platinum (Pt) have been superstars of both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. In recent years, increasing efforts have been devoted to the design and discovery of homogeneous catalysts that incorporate base metals, such as iron (Fe) and cobalt (Co) ( 1 – 3 ) (see the figure). Catalytic hydrogenations are one of the extraordinary success stories of homogeneous catalysis, and three reports in this issue describe remarkable progress in the use of Earth-abundant metals as catalysts for hydrogenations. Hydrogenations are conceptually simple—H 2 is added across a C=C or C=O double bond—but mechanistic studies have revealed considerable complexity with respect to how the metal catalyzes hydrogenations ( 4 ). On page 1080, Zuo et al. ( 5 ) report iron catalysts for asymmetric hydrogenation of C=O bonds. On page 1076, cobalt catalysts for asymmetric hydrogenation of C=C bonds are described by Friedfeld et al. ( 6 ). On page 1073, Jagadeesh et al. ( 7 ) report on nanoscale iron catalysts for synthesis of functionalized anilines through hydrogenation of nitroarenes.
Journal Article
Predictive multiphase evolution in Al-containing high-entropy alloys
The ability to predict and understand phases in high-entropy alloys (HEAs) is still being debated, and primarily true predictive capabilities derive from the known thermodynamics of materials. The present work demonstrates that prior work using high-throughput first-principles calculations may be further utilized to provide direct insight into the temperature- and composition-dependent phase evolution in HEAs, particularly Al-containing HEAs with a strengthening multiphase microstructure. Using a simple model with parameters derived from first-principles calculations, we reproduce the major features associated with Al-containing phases, demonstrating a generalizable approach for exploring potential phase evolution where little experimental data exists. Neutron scattering, in situ microscopy, and calorimetry measurements suggest that our high-throughput Monte Carlo technique captures both qualitative and quantitative features for both intermetallic phase formation and microstructure evolution at lower temperatures. This study provides a simple approach to guide HEA development, including ordered multi-phase HEAs, which may prove valuable for structural applications.
Exploration of high entropy alloy phases where little experimental data exists is still challenging. Here, the authors develop an approach where parameters from first principle simulations are incorporated into Monte Carlo simulations to reproduce phase evolution of aluminium-containing high entropy alloys.
Journal Article
Remote maternal-fetal telemedicine monitoring for high-risk pregnancy care: A feasibility study
High-risk pregnancies undergo regular antenatal monitoring, including cardiotocography (CTG) and ultrasound. Recently there has been an emergence of sophisticated remote telehealth interventions, potentially enabling care to be shifted into the home setting. Our aim was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of home CTG and home ultrasound monitoring for high-risk pregnancies. This was a single center study. Women aged ≥18 years, English speaking, singleton pregnancy, ≥ 32 weeks gestation and had at least one of four high-risk obstetric conditions were eligible. Participants were randomized to one of three groups: (1) home ultrasound; (2) home CTG; and (3) both, whilst continuing their routine antenatal care. The primary outcome was completion of 20 minutes of interpretable fetal heart recording and/or completion of an interpretable fetal ultrasound for each monitoring episode. Ultrasound interpretability was assessed for three validated criteria: fetal heartbeat, fetal movements and liquor volume assessment. Secondary outcomes included monitoring adherence, anxiety management, acceptability and safety. Fifteen participants, within three groups, completed 24 remote ultrasounds and 59 remote CTGs. Overall, the fetal heartbeat, movements and an assessment of the liquor volume were identified in 92%, 83% and 100% of all ultrasound scans respectively. 79% of all scans had all three criteria unanimously assessed. Three-quarters of all CTGs contained at least 20 minutes of continuous interpretable computerized fetal heartrate recording. Neither ethnicity, parity, BMI nor fetal presentation were significant factors for achievement of the primary outcome for both devices. There was non-significant reduction in anxiety scores before and after device usage (p = 0.19). Participants’ monitoring adherence and acceptability ratings were high in all groups. No adverse maternal-fetal outcomes relating to device usage occurred. Home ultrasound and cardiotocography are potentially feasible and acceptable to high-risk pregnant women. Larger studies are required to refine how best to implement such devices into clinical practice. ClinicalTrials ID: NCT06366711.
Journal Article