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"Moses, Will"
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Raining cats & dogs
For anyone who's ever wondered how a groom can get cold feet when he's wearing shoes and socks, or how a person can be in a pickle when pickles are so small, or how butterflies could possibly get into your stomach, Will Moses has the answers. Using his trademark folkart style along with plenty of mischief and humor, Will Moses sheds some light on these often puzzling phrases, educating young readers while entertaining them in high style.
Book
The legend of Sleepy Hollow
A superstitious schoolmaster, in love with a wealthy farmer's daughter, has a terrifying encounter with a headless horseman.
Book
Val66Met polymorphism of BDNF alters prodomain structure to induce neuronal growth cone retraction
A common single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the human brain-derived neurotrophic factor (
BDNF
) gene results in a Val66Met substitution in the BDNF prodomain region. This SNP is associated with alterations in memory and with enhanced risk to develop depression and anxiety disorders in humans. Here we show that the isolated BDNF prodomain is detected in the hippocampus and that it can be secreted from neurons in an activity-dependent manner. Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and circular dichroism, we find that the prodomain is intrinsically disordered, and the Val66Met substitution induces structural changes. Surprisingly, application of Met66 (but not Val66) BDNF prodomain induces acute growth cone retraction and a decrease in Rac activity in hippocampal neurons. Expression of p75
NTR
and differential engagement of the Met66 prodomain to the SorCS2 receptor are required for this effect. These results identify the Met66 prodomain as a new active ligand, which modulates neuronal morphology.
The Val66Met single-nucleotide polymorphism in the
BDNF
gene is implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders. Anastasia
et al.
show that this polymorphism results in structural changes in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor prodomain, and growth cone retraction in the hippocampal neurons.
Journal Article
The Impact of Repeated Rounds of Mass Drug Administration with Diethylcarbamazine Plus Albendazole on Bancroftian Filariasis in Papua New Guinea
This study employed various monitoring methods to assess the impact of repeated rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) on bancroftian filariasis in Papua New Guinea, which has the largest filariasis problem in the Pacific region.
Residents of rural villages near Madang were studied prior to and one year after each of three rounds of MDA with diethylcarbamazine plus albendazole administered per World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The mean MDA compliance rate was 72.9%. Three rounds of MDA decreased microfilaremia rates (Mf, 1 ml night blood by filter) from 18.6% pre-MDA to 1.3% after the third MDA (a 94% decrease). Mf clearance rates in infected persons were 71%, 90.7%, and 98.1% after 1, 2, and 3 rounds of MDA. Rates of filarial antigenemia assessed by card test (a marker for adult worm infection) decreased from 47.5% to 17.1% (a 64% decrease) after 3 rounds of MDA. The filarial antibody rate (IgG(4) antibodies to Bm14, an indicator of filarial infection status and/or exposure to mosquito-borne infective larvae) decreased from 59.3% to 25.1% (a 54.6% decrease). Mf, antigen, and antibody rates decreased more rapidly in children <11 years of age (by 100%, 84.2%, and 76.8%, respectively) relative to older individuals, perhaps reflecting their lighter infections and shorter durations of exposure/infection prior to MDA. Incidence rates for microfilaremia, filarial antigenemia, and antifilarial antibodies also decreased significantly after MDA. Filarial DNA rates in Anopheles punctulatus mosquitoes that had recently taken a blood meal decreased from 15.1% to 1.0% (a 92.3% decrease).
MDA had dramatic effects on all filariasis parameters in the study area and also reduced incidence rates. Follow-up studies will be needed to determine whether residual infection rates in residents of these villages are sufficient to support sustained transmission by the An. punctulatus vector. Lymphatic filariasis elimination should be feasible in Papua New Guinea if MDA can be effectively delivered to endemic populations.
Journal Article
Reduced Plasmodium vivax Erythrocyte Infection in PNG Duffy-Negative Heterozygotes
Erythrocyte Duffy blood group negativity reaches fixation in African populations where Plasmodium vivax (Pv) is uncommon. While it is known that Duffy-negative individuals are highly resistant to Pv erythrocyte infection, little is known regarding Pv susceptibility among heterozygous carriers of a Duffy-negative allele (+/-). Our limited knowledge of the selective advantages or disadvantages associated with this genotype constrains our understanding of the effect that interventions against Pv may have on the health of people living in malaria-endemic regions.
We conducted cross-sectional malaria prevalence surveys in Papua New Guinea (PNG), where we have previously identified a new Duffy-negative allele among individuals living in a region endemic for all four human malaria parasite species. We evaluated infection status by conventional blood smear light microscopy and semi-quantitative PCR-based strategies. Analysis of a longitudinal cohort constructed from our surveys showed that Duffy heterozygous (+/-) individuals were protected from Pv erythrocyte infection compared to those homozygous for wild-type alleles (+/+) (log-rank tests: LM, p = 0.049; PCR, p = 0.065). Evaluation of Pv parasitemia, determined by semi-quantitative PCR-based methods, was significantly lower in Duffy +/- vs. +/+ individuals (Mann-Whitney U: p = 0.023). Overall, we observed no association between susceptibility to P. falciparum erythrocyte infection and Duffy genotype.
Our findings provide the first evidence that Duffy-negative heterozygosity reduces erythrocyte susceptibility to Pv infection. As this reduction was not associated with greater susceptibility to Pf malaria, our in vivo observations provide evidence that Pv-targeted control measures can be developed safely.
Journal Article
Mass Treatment to Eliminate Filariasis in Papua New Guinea
In Papua New Guinea, approximately 2500 residents participated in a prospective, four-year study of the effects of a single dose of antifilarial drugs given annually for four years. The proportion of microfilariae-positive infections decreased by 86 to 98 percent, and the frequency of hydrocele declined from 15 percent to 5 percent.
Annual mass treatment of a population can virtually eliminate the reservoir of microfilariae.
Bancroftian filariasis causes elephantiasis, hydrocele, and economic loss throughout the tropics and subtropics. A global plan for its eradication is based on the notion that mass treatment with antifilarial drugs will reduce the reservoir of microfilariae in the blood to a level that is insufficient to sustain transmission by the mosquito vector.
1
–
3
The feasibility of the strategy is supported by observations that drugs given only once per year (diethylcarbamazine alone, diethylcarbamazine plus ivermectin, albendazole plus ivermectin, or albendazole plus diethylcarbamazine) decrease the reservoir of microfilariae.
4
–
6
The threshold below which transmission will be interrupted is not known, but mathematical . . .
Journal Article
Traffic Data on-the-Fly: Developing a Statewide Crosswalk Inventory Using Artificial Intelligence and Aerial Images (AI2) for Pedestrian Safety Policy Improvements in Florida
Pedestrian fatalities have been rising sharply in the U.S. over the last decade. To reverse this trend, several pedestrian safety countermeasures are developed by the authorities, particularly for the uncontrolled crosswalks where the majority of those fatalities occurred. Although geocoded and categorized crosswalk inventories are essential to determine where to implement the most appropriate countermeasure, building such an inventory database may take years with manual observations. Thus, this study proposes a framework using Aerial Imagery and Artificial Intelligence (AI2) to map all crosswalks on Florida public roadways according to their control strategy. A transfer learning approach with anchor box modifications is applied to the You-Only-Look-Once (YOLOv2) object detection algorithm. Crosswalks with various pavement markings and width/height ratios are identified by running YOLOv2 crosswalk detector on statewide high-resolution aerial images. Additionally, Geographic Information System-GIS techniques are used to reduce the input data, establish a geocoded connection for each detected crosswalk, and conduct a sensitivity analysis to identify signal, midblock, and driveway crosswalks. According to the performance evaluations conducted with a manually generated ground truth dataset, the proposed approach can inventory the crosswalks with 85.9% recall and 88.7% precision, while accuracy is significantly higher for signal crosswalks (94%) and major road crossings (96.6%) regardless of zebra or non-zebra pavement markings. The results revealed that there are 861 midblock, 30,784 signal, and 29,307 driveway crosswalks on Florida State Roads. The proposed framework and findings of this study can contribute to the wider use of machine learning in transport policy.
Journal Article