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The Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a quarantine pest of Citrus spp. and a production pest of guava and other specialty fruits in Florida. Effective monitoring lures and traps are needed for early pest detection and timely initiation of control measures. As part of a continued effort to identify attractive synthetic lures for the Caribbean fruit fly, we conducted field tests in Homestead, Florida to compare the efficacy and longevity of commercial 2- and 3-component cone lures (2C [ammonium acetate and putrescine], 3C [ammonium acetate, putrescine, and trimethylamine]), the current standards used by regulatory agencies, versus the traditional liquid protein bait consisting of hydrolyzed torula yeast and borax as a positive control. Additional lures were also field-aged and periodically brought into the laboratory to quantify residual chemical contents. Traps baited with the torula yeast-borax mixture captured the highest mean number of A. suspensa, and traps baited with the commercial 2C lures captured more flies than the 3C lures. Traps baited with torula yeast-borax also captured the highest number of nontarget Diptera. Captures with all three treatments were significantly biased toward females. Attractiveness of the 2C lure began to drop after 6–8 wk, and the 3C lure after 5–6 wk. Overall, these data suggest that the 2C cone lure is more attractive to A. suspensa than the 3C cone lure under field conditions in south Florida, and that the 2C lures are attractive for up to 8 wk.

Detection of the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), relies heavily on traps baited with trimedlure, a male-specific attractant. Originally used as a liquid, trimedlure is now dispensed from solid polymeric plugs (2 g active ingredient) that reduce volatilization and increase the effective longevity of the lure. Even so, plugs are attractive over a relatively short interval, and guidelines suggest that trimedlure plugs be replaced every 6 wk. The present study had 2 goals. First, at periodic intervals up to 10 or 12 wk, we evaluated the performance of plugs containing 4 g of trimedlure (i.e., twice the standard amount) to determine whether the increased loading resulted in an increased period of effective attractiveness. Second, we examined the relationship between trap captures and temporal changes in the residual amount and release rate of trimedlure. In 2 of the 3 field trials conducted in Hawaii and Florida, 4 g plugs weathered for as long as 8 wk, but not for 10 or 12 wk, performed as well as fresh liquid trimedlure applied to cotton wicks. In the other trial, plugs weathered for as long as 12 wk were as effective as fresh liquid. Chemical analyses revealed that the plugs were effective until the residual amount of trimedlure decreased below approximately 1.4 g and the release rate dropped below approximately 2.0 mg per h. The potential usefulness of 4 g trimedlure plugs in large-scale detection programs is discussed considering these findings. La detección de la mosca mediterránea de la fruta (moscamed), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), depende en gran medida de trampas cebadas con trimedlure, un atrayente específico para machos. Utilizado originalmente como líquido, el trimedlure ahora se dispensa a partir de tapones poliméricos sólidos (2 g de ingrediente activo) que reducen la volatilización y aumentan la longevidad efectiva del señuelo. Aun así, los tapones son atractivos durante un intervalo relativamente corto, y las pautas sugieren que los tapones trimedlure se reemplacen cada 6 semanas. El presente estudio tuvo 2 objetivos. Primero, a intervalos periódicos de hasta 10 o 12 semanas, evaluamos el desempeño de los tapones que contenían 4 g de trimedlure (es decir, el doble de la cantidad estándar) para determinar si el aumento de la carga resultó en un mayor período de atractivo efectivo. En segundo lugar, examinamos la relación entre las capturas de trampas y los cambios temporales en la cantidad residual y la tasa de liberación de trimedlure. En 2 de los 3 ensayos de campo realizados en Hawái y Florida, los tapones de 4 g resistidos durante 8 semanas, pero no durante 10 o 12 semanas, funcionaron tan bien como trimedlure líquido fresco aplicado a mechas de algodón. En el otro ensayo, los tapones expuestos a la intemperie durante 12 semanas fueron tan efectivos como los líquidos frescos. Los análisis químicos revelaron que los tapones fueron efectivos hasta que la cantidad residual de trimedlure disminuyó por debajo de aproximadamente 1,4 g y con la tasa de liberación cayendo por debajo de aproximadamente 2,0 mg por hora. La utilidad potencial de los tapones de trimedlure de 4 g en los programas de detección a gran escala se discute considerando estos hallazgos.

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a global agricultural pest that attacks many commercially important fruits and vegetables. Many countries maintain trapping programs to detect incursions of this pest, and trapping relies heavily on methyl eugenol, a powerful attractant to B. dorsalis males, which typically is applied as a liquid to a cotton wick contained inside Jackson traps. However, this method is time-consuming, incurs high volatility (i.e., loss) of the lure, and entails health risks. Existing data indicate that solid dispensers of methyl eugenol are a viable alternative to the use of liquid lure. Based on fieldwork in a Hawaiian coffee field, the present study shows non-significant differences in captures of wild B. dorsalis males over 12-wk intervals between traps baited with a wick containing 6 mL of freshly applied liquid methyl eugenol and traps baited with a polymeric plug or wafer that contained a similar amount of methyl eugenol. The residual content of methyl eugenol also was measured for solid dispensers over the weathering period, but their long-lasting attractancy (≥ 12 wk) precluded identification of the threshold level of the lure below which solid dispensers were ineffective. Implications of these findings for trapping programs are discussed. La mosca oriental de la fruta, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), es una plaga agrícola mundial que ataca una gran variedad de frutas y verduras de importancia comercial. Muchos países mantienen programas de trampeo para detectar incursiones de esta plaga, y el trampeo depende en gran medida del metil eugenol, un poderoso atrayente para los machos de B. dorsalis, que generalmente se aplica como líquido a una mecha de algodón contenida dentro de las trampas Jackson. Sin embargo, este método requiere mucho tiempo, incurre en una alta volatilidad (pérdida) del señuelo y conlleva riesgos para la salud. Los datos existentes indican que los dispensadores sólidos de metil eugenol son una alternativa viable en vez del uso de señuelos líquidos. Basado en el trabajo de campo en cafetal de Hawái, el presente estudio muestra diferencias no significativas en las capturas de machos de B. dorsalis silvestres en intervalos de 12 semanas entre trampas cebadas con una mecha que contiene 6 ml de metil eugenol líquido recién aplicado y trampas cebadas con una tapón polimérico u oblea que contenía una cantidad similar de metil eugenol. El contenido residual de metil eugenol también se midió para dispensadores sólidos durante el período de exposición a la intemperie, pero su atractivo duradero (≥ 12 semanas) impidió la identificación del nivel umbral del señuelo por debajo del cual los dispensadores sólidos eran ineficaces. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos hallazgos para los programas de trampeo.

Detection of the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), relies heavily on traps baited with trimedlure, a male-specific attractant. Originally used as a liquid, trimedlure is now dispensed from solid polymeric plugs that reduce volatilization and increase the effective field longevity of the lure. Many of the previous bioassays that measured trimedlure longevity were conducted in Hawaii and adopted a simple “50% rule” for trimedlure plug replacement, i.e., trimedlure plugs should be changed out when their attractiveness (trap captures of male medflies) drops below 50% that observed for fresh trimedlure liquid. The goal of the present study was to assess the field effectiveness of trimedlure plugs in Florida and apply standard statistical analyses to the trapping data. Sterile marked male medflies were released in a citrus orchard with traps containing 3 trimedlure treatments: 2 mL fresh liquid, 2 g fresh plugs, or 2 g plugs aged for intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12 wk. A single release of approximately 40,000 males was performed for each of the weathering intervals. Weathered trimedlure plugs were as effective as fresh lures when aged 6 wk or less, but catch was significantly reduced for plugs weathered 8 or more wk. At 8 to 12 wk, remaining trimedlure content per plug was ≤ 0.4 g. Ancillary field trials in Hawaii compared male medfly captures in traps baited with fresh 2 or 3 g trimedlure plugs, or 2 or 3 g plugs weathered for 6, 8, or 10 wk. Two and 3 g plugs weathered for 6 wk were as attractive as fresh lures, but 3 g plugs were more effective than 2 g plugs at the longer weathering intervals. Results are compared with prior studies, and implications for medfly management strategies are discussed.

Detection of the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), relies heavily on traps baited with trimedlure, a male-specific attractant. Originally used as a liquid, trimedlure is now dispensed from solid polymeric plugs (2 g active ingredient) that reduce volatilization and increase the effective longevity of the lure. Even so, plugs are attractive over a relatively short interval, and guidelines suggest that trimedlure plugs be replaced every 6 wk. The present study had 2 goals. First, at periodic intervals up to 10 or 12 wk, we evaluated the performance of plugs containing 4 g of trimedlure (i.e., twice the standard amount) to determine whether the increased loading resulted in an increased period of effective attractiveness. Second, we examined the relationship between trap captures and temporal changes in the residual amount and release rate of trimedlure. In 2 of the 3 field trials conducted in Hawaii and Florida, 4 g plugs weathered for as long as 8 wk, but not for 10 or 12 wk, performed as well as fresh liquid trimedlure applied to cotton wicks. In the other trial, plugs weathered for as long as 12 wk were as effective as fresh liquid. Chemical analyses revealed that the plugs were effective until the residual amount of trimedlure decreased below approximately 1.4 g and the release rate dropped below approximately 2.0 mg per h. The potential usefulness of 4 g trimedlure plugs in large-scale detection programs is discussed considering these findings.

We studied the efficacy of the process for capture and upstream relocation of 26 adult spring-run Chinook salmon in Butte Creek, California in 2009. These fish had ceased volitional upstream migration prior to reaching their summer holding habitat. The purpose of the relocation was to move fish upstream of two water diversion dams and release them in a part of the stream from which they could presumably swim to cool summer holding habitat, then spawn in the fall. Fish were netted, transported by truck, given an esophageal radio tag/temperature tag, and released. Radio tagging proved to be a useful technique for determining the survival and movement of relocated fish and temperature tags provide useful information to determine thermal exposure and time of death. Twenty-three tags (88 %) were recovered, compared with a 10 % tag recovery rate for an earlier study using fin clips. Most tags were recovered within 3.5 km upstream and 1 km downstream of the release site. A single tag was recovered 6 km upstream. No fish were determined to have survived to spawn. Temperature tag data indicate that most of the salmon died within 2–6 days after the relocation operation. After preventative measures have been exhausted, future relocations efforts, in any setting, should consider (1) intervention as soon as fish cease volitional migration but before they are exposed to further deleterious conditions (2) monitoring environmental conditions to choose appropriate release sites (3) evaluation of disease transmission risk, and (4) handling practices that minimize potential stress due to air immersion and thermal shock.

In the third APOKASC catalog, we present data for the complete sample of 15,808 evolved stars with APOGEE spectroscopic parameters and Kepler asteroseismology. We used ten independent asteroseismic analysis techniques and anchor our system on fundamental radii derived from Gaia \\(L\\) and spectroscopic \\(T_{\\rm eff}\\). We provide evolutionary state, asteroseismic surface gravity, mass, radius, age, and the spectroscopic and asteroseismic measurements used to derive them for 12,418 stars. This includes 10,036 exceptionally precise measurements, with median fractional uncertainties in \\nmax, \\dnu, mass, radius and age of 0.6\\%, 0.6\\%, 3.8\\%, 1.8\\%, and 11.1\\% respectively. We provide more limited data for 1,624 additional stars which either have lower quality data or are outside of our primary calibration domain. Using lower red giant branch (RGB) stars, we find a median age for the chemical thick disk of \\(9.14 \\pm 0.05 ({\\rm ran}) \\pm 0.9 ({\\rm sys})\\) Gyr with an age dispersion of 1.1 Gyr, consistent with our error model. We calibrate our red clump (RC) mass loss to derive an age consistent with the lower RGB and provide asymptotic GB and RGB ages for luminous stars. We also find a sharp upper age boundary in the chemical thin disk. We find that scaling relations are precise and accurate on the lower RGB and RC, but they become more model dependent for more luminous giants and break down at the tip of the RGB. We recommend the usage of multiple methods, calibration to a fundamental scale, and the usage of stellar models to interpret frequency spacings.

We present the third and final data release of the K2 Galactic Archaeology Program (K2 GAP) for Campaigns C1-C8 and C10-C18. We provide asteroseismic radius and mass coefficients, \\(\\kappa_R\\) and \\(\\kappa_M\\), for \\(\\sim 19,000\\) red giant stars, which translate directly to radius and mass given a temperature. As such, K2 GAP DR3 represents the largest asteroseismic sample in the literature to date. K2 GAP DR3 stellar parameters are calibrated to be on an absolute parallactic scale based on Gaia DR2, with red giant branch and red clump evolutionary state classifications provided via a machine-learning approach. Combining these stellar parameters with GALAH DR3 spectroscopy, we determine asteroseismic ages with precisions of \\(\\sim 20-30\\%\\) and compare age-abundance relations to Galactic chemical evolution models among both low- and high-\\(\\alpha\\) populations for \\(\\alpha\\), light, iron-peak, and neutron-capture elements. We confirm recent indications in the literature of both increased Ba production at late Galactic times, as well as significant contribution to r-process enrichment from prompt sources associated with, e.g., core-collapse supernovae. With an eye toward other Galactic archaeology applications, we characterize K2 GAP DR3 uncertainties and completeness using injection tests, suggesting K2 GAP DR3 is largely unbiased in mass/age and with uncertainties of \\(2.9\\%\\,(\\rm{stat.})\\,\\pm0.1\\%\\,(\\rm{syst.})\\) & \\(6.7\\%\\,(\\rm{stat.})\\,\\pm0.3\\%\\,(\\rm{syst.})\\) in \\(\\kappa_R\\) & \\(\\kappa_M\\) for red giant branch stars and \\(4.7\\%\\,(\\rm{stat.})\\,\\pm0.3\\%\\,(\\rm{syst.})\\) & \\(11\\%\\,(\\rm{stat.})\\,\\pm0.9\\%\\,(\\rm{syst.})\\) for red clump stars. We also identify percent-level asteroseismic systematics, which are likely related to the time baseline of the underlying data, and which therefore should be considered in TESS asteroseismic analysis.

Studies of Galactic structure and evolution have benefitted enormously from Gaia kinematic information, though additional, intrinsic stellar parameters like age are required to best constrain Galactic models. Asteroseismology is the most precise method of providing such information for field star populations \\(\\textit{en masse}\\), but existing samples for the most part have been limited to a few narrow fields of view by the CoRoT and Kepler missions. In an effort to provide well-characterized stellar parameters across a wide range in Galactic position, we present the second data release of red giant asteroseismic parameters for the K2 Galactic Archaeology Program (GAP). We provide \\(\\nu_{\\mathrm{max}}\\) and \\(\\Delta \\nu\\) based on six independent pipeline analyses; first-ascent red giant branch (RGB) and red clump (RC) evolutionary state classifications from machine learning; and ready-to-use radius & mass coefficients, \\(\\kappa_R\\) & \\(\\kappa_M\\), which, when appropriately multiplied by a solar-scaled effective temperature factor, yield physical stellar radii and masses. In total, we report 4395 radius and mass coefficients, with typical uncertainties of \\(3.3\\% \\mathrm{\\ (stat.)} \\pm 1\\% \\mathrm{\\ (syst.)}\\) for \\(\\kappa_R\\) and \\(7.7\\% \\mathrm{\\ (stat.)} \\pm 2\\% \\mathrm{\\ (syst.)}\\) for \\(\\kappa_M\\) among RGB stars, and \\(5.0\\% \\mathrm{\\ (stat.)} \\pm 1\\% \\mathrm{\\ (syst.)}\\) for \\(\\kappa_R\\) and \\(10.5\\% \\mathrm{\\ (stat.)} \\pm 2\\% \\mathrm{\\ (syst.)}\\) for \\(\\kappa_M\\) among RC stars. We verify that the sample is nearly complete -- except for a dearth of stars with \\(\\nu_{\\mathrm{max}} \\lesssim 10-20\\mu\\)Hz -- by comparing to Galactic models and visual inspection. Our asteroseismic radii agree with radii derived from Gaia Data Release 2 parallaxes to within \\(2.2 \\pm 0.3\\%\\) for RGB stars and \\(2.0 \\pm 0.6\\%\\) for RC stars.