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The NOvA experiment uses a continuous, free-running, dead-timeless data acquisition system to collect data from the 14 kT far detector. The DAQ system readouts the more than 344,000 detector channels and assembles the information into an raw unfiltered high bandwidth data stream. The NOvA trigger systems operate in parallel to the readout and asynchronously to the primary DAQ readout event building chain. The data driven triggering systems for NOvA are unique in that they examine long contiguous time windows of the high resolution readout data and enable the detector to be sensitive to a wide range of physics interactions from those with fast, nanosecond scale signals up to processes with long delayed coincidences between hits which occur at the tens of milliseconds time scale. The trigger system is able to achieve a true 100% live time for the detector, making it sensitive to both beam spill related and off-spill physics.

The two-detector design of the NOvA neutrino oscillation experiment, in which two functionally identical detectors are exposed to an intense neutrino beam, aids in canceling leading order effects of cross-section uncertainties. However, limited knowledge of neutrino interaction cross sections still gives rise to some of the largest systematic uncertainties in current oscillation measurements. We show contemporary models of neutrino interactions to be discrepant with data from NOvA, consistent with discrepancies seen in other experiments. Adjustments to neutrino interaction models in GENIE are presented, creating an effective model that improves agreement with our data. We also describe systematic uncertainties on these models, including uncertainties on multi-nucleon interactions from a newly developed procedure using NOvA near detector data.

The rate of high energy cosmic ray muons as measured underground is shown to be strongly correlated with upper‐air temperatures during short‐term atmospheric (10‐day) events. The effects are seen by correlating data from the MINOS underground detector and temperatures from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts during the winter periods from 2003–2007. This effect provides an independent technique for the measurement of meteorological conditions and presents a unique opportunity to measure both short and long‐term changes in this important part of the atmosphere.

Introduction: Patients with post-surgery persistent spinal pain syndrome (PSPS) or non-surgical PSPS might be affected by sustained fear-avoidance beliefs (FAB), anxiety and depression. In this scenario, this study aimed to describe those aspects in patients with post-surgery PSPS and non-surgical PSPS. Methods: This study included patients with PSPS, and non-surgical PSPS, over 18 years, with quarterly evaluations at the Chronic Pain Clinic. After evaluation, demographic and clinical characteristics were obtained. The Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Douleur neuropathique 4 questions, Visual Analog Pain Scale, and Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire--Brazilian Version (FABQ-Brazil) were used to evaluate psychological aspects. Results: Forty-six patients were included, 23 patients with post-surgery PSPS and 23 with non-surgical PSPS. Both groups had high scores in the physical and work domains of the FABQ, high rates of absenteeism and most patients in these groups had moderate-to-severe neuropathic pain and some degree of anxiety and/or depression. The groups showed no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) when comparing all questionnaires. Discussion: This is one of the first studies to evaluate FAB and other associated psychological factors, such as anxiety and depression, in patients with post-surgery PSPS in a follow-up several years after surgery and compare with patients diagnosed with non-surgical PSPS. In this study, most patients in both groups had high scores in the FABQ domains, not having statistically relevant difference between groups. Conclusion: Even though there was no statistically relevant difference between the PSPS patient with or without surgical history in terms of the assessed outcome measures, the described scores for fear-avoidance beliefs, pain, anxiety and depression were high, showing an interference in the daily life activities of those patients. Keywords: fear, depression, anxiety, spine surgery, back pain

This Letter reports measurements of muon-neutrino disappearance and electron-neutrino appearance and the corresponding antineutrino processes between the two NOvA detectors in the NuMI neutrino beam. These measurements use a dataset with double the neutrino mode beam exposure that was previously analyzed, along with improved simulation and analysis techniques. A joint fit to these samples in the three-flavor paradigm results in the most precise single-experiment constraint on the atmospheric neutrino mass splitting, \\( m^2_32= 2.431^+0.036_-0.034 (-2.479^+0.036_-0.036) 10^-3~eV^2\\) if the mass ordering is normal (inverted). In both orderings, a region close to maximal mixing with \\(^2 _23=0.55^+0.02_-0.06\\) is preferred. The NOvA data show a mild preference for the normal mass ordering with a Bayes factor of 2.4 (corresponding to 70% of the posterior probability), indicating that the normal ordering is 2.4 times more probable than the inverted ordering. When incorporating a 2D \\( m^2_32--^2 2_13\\) constraint based on Daya Bay data, this preference strengthens to a Bayes factor of 6.6 (87%).

The landmark discovery that neutrinos have mass and can change type (or \"flavor\") as they propagate -- a process called neutrino oscillation -- has opened up a rich array of theoretical and experimental questions being actively pursued today. Neutrino oscillation remains the most powerful experimental tool for addressing many of these questions, including whether neutrinos violate charge-parity (CP) symmetry, which has possible connections to the unexplained preponderance of matter over antimatter in the universe. Oscillation measurements also probe the mass-squared differences between the different neutrino mass states (\\( m^2\\)), whether there are two light states and a heavier one (normal ordering) or vice versa (inverted ordering), and the structure of neutrino mass and flavor mixing. Here, we carry out the first joint analysis of data sets from NOvA and T2K, the two currently operating long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments (hundreds of kilometers of neutrino travel distance), taking advantage of our complementary experimental designs and setting new constraints on several neutrino sector parameters. This analysis provides new precision on the \\( m^2_32\\) mass difference, finding \\(2.43^+0.04_-0.03\\ (-2.48^+0.03_-0.04) 10^-3~eV^2\\) in the normal (inverted) ordering, as well as a \\(3\\) interval on \\(_ CP\\) of \\([-1.38 \\ 0.30]\\) \\(([-0.92 \\ -0.04])\\) in the normal (inverted) ordering. The data show no strong preference for either mass ordering, but notably if inverted ordering were assumed true within the three-flavor mixing paradigm, then our results would provide evidence of CP symmetry violation in the lepton sector.

NOvA is a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment that measures oscillations in charged-current \\(\\nu_{\\mu} \\rightarrow \\nu_{\\mu}\\) (disappearance) and \\(\\nu_{\\mu} \\rightarrow \\nu_{e}\\) (appearance) channels, and their antineutrino counterparts, using neutrinos of energies around 2 GeV over a distance of 810 km. In this work we reanalyze the dataset first examined in our previous paper [Phys. Rev. D 106, 032004 (2022)] using an alternative statistical approach based on Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo. We measure oscillation parameters consistent with the previous results. We also extend our inferences to include the first NOvA measurements of the reactor mixing angle \\(\\theta_{13}\\) and the Jarlskog invariant. We use these results to quantify the strength of our inferences about CP violation, as well as to examine the effects of constraints from short-baseline measurements of \\(\\theta_{13}\\) using antineutrinos from nuclear reactors when making NOvA measurements of \\(\\theta_{23}\\). Our long-baseline measurement of \\(\\theta_{13}\\) is also shown to be consistent with the reactor measurements, supporting the general applicability and robustness of the PMNS framework for neutrino oscillations.

We describe the power distribution systems and grounding schemes built for the near and far detectors of the NOvA long-baseline neutrino experiment. They are used to power the avalanche photodiodes and their thermoelectric coolers, the front-end boards that read out, digitize and time stamp the signals from the avalanche photodiodes, and the data concentrator modules used to receive and format the data from the front-end boards before sending them to a farm of computers used to build the events. The system powers 344,064 readout channels in the far detector and 20,192 channels in the near detector.

We report cross-section measurements of the final-state muon kinematics for \\numu charged-current interactions in the NOvA near detector using an accumulated 8.09\\(\\times10^{20}\\) protons-on-target (POT) in the NuMI beam. We present the results as a double-differential cross section in the observed outgoing muon energy and angle, as well as single-differential cross sections in the derived neutrino energy, \\(E_\\nu\\), and square of the four-momentum transfer, \\(Q^2\\). We compare the results to inclusive cross-section predictions from various neutrino event generators via \\(\\chi^2\\) calculations using a covariance matrix that accounts for bin-to-bin correlations of systematic uncertainties. These comparisons show a clear discrepancy between the data and each of the tested predictions at forward muon angle and low \\(Q^2\\), indicating a missing suppression of the cross section in current neutrino-nucleus scattering models.

We present new \\(\\nu_\\mu\\rightarrow\\nu_e\\), \\(\\nu_\\mu\\rightarrow\\nu_\\mu\\), \\(\\overline{\\nu}_\\mu\\rightarrow\\overline{\\nu}_e\\), and \\(\\overline{\\nu}_\\mu\\rightarrow\\overline{\\nu}_\\mu\\) oscillation measurements by the NOvA experiment, with a 50% increase in neutrino-mode beam exposure over the previously reported results. The additional data, combined with previously published neutrino and antineutrino data, are all analyzed using improved techniques and simulations. A joint fit to the \\(\\nu_e\\), \\(\\nu_\\mu\\), \\(\\overline{\\nu}_e\\), and \\(\\overline{\\nu}_\\mu\\) candidate samples within the 3-flavor neutrino oscillation framework continues to yield a best-fit point in the normal mass ordering and the upper octant of the \\(\\theta_{23}\\) mixing angle, with \\(\\Delta m^{2}_{32} = (2.41\\pm0.07)\\times 10^{-3}\\) eV\\(^2\\) and \\(\\sin^2\\theta_{23} = 0.57^{+0.03}_{-0.04}\\). The data disfavor combinations of oscillation parameters that give rise to a large asymmetry in the rates of \\(\\nu_e\\) and \\(\\overline{\\nu}_e\\) appearance. This includes values of the CP-violating phase in the vicinity of \\(\\delta_\\text{CP} = \\pi/2\\) which are excluded by \\(>3\\sigma\\) for the inverted mass ordering, and values around \\(\\delta_\\text{CP} = 3\\pi/2\\) in the normal ordering which are disfavored at 2\\(\\sigma\\) confidence.