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Carbon emissions are primarily the result of human activity in urban areas. Inadequate sanitary facilities, contaminated drinking water, nonrenewable energy, and high traffic congestion have all impacted the natural ecosystem. Using data from 1975 to 2019, the study assessed the impact of the aforementioned variables on Pakistan’s carbon emissions in light of this crucial fact. The ARDL cointegration method was used to estimate the short- and long-run parameter estimates. Urban sanitation challenges and energy consumption increase carbon emissions, which affects the natural environment by raising a country’s carbon intensity. Economic expansion confirmed the inverted U-shaped relationship between carbon emissions and economic growth to verify the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in the long run. In contrast, the monotonically rising function of carbon emissions provides evidence of the nation’s economic development in the short run. Access to clean drinking water improves population health and encourages the purchase of eco-friendly products. The government must improve sanitation services and use renewable energy sources to enhance air quality.

\"Sharia Law in the Twenty-First Century consists of concise, detailed analytical studies on current critical discussions of Sharia in the Western and Muslim legal traditions. Contributors to this volume are well-known academics in their fields and have been at the forefront of critical studies on various aspects of Islamic law. Breaking new ground for understanding the dynamics of law and society, most contributors in this volume have influenced current academic discourse on Sharia. The chapters contained within this volume find that globalism and Sharia have been posing challenges to one another. These respective challenges are studied from the perspectives of theory, history and the diverse contexts in which Sharia developed during the twenty-first century. The approach in this book is overall contextual with reference to time and place. For accessibility, unlike other books on Islamic law, Sharia Law in the Twenty-First Century has minimal footnotes and reduced diacritical marks, but offers an essential glossary in an appendix\"-- Provided by publisher.

Nanotechnology, contrary to its name, has massively revolutionized industries around the world. This paper predominantly deals with data regarding the applications of nanotechnology in the modernization of several industries. A comprehensive research strategy is adopted to incorporate the latest data driven from major science platforms. Resultantly, a broad-spectrum overview is presented which comprises the diverse applications of nanotechnology in modern industries. This study reveals that nanotechnology is not limited to research labs or small-scale manufacturing units of nanomedicine, but instead has taken a major share in different industries. Companies around the world are now trying to make their innovations more efficient in terms of structuring, working, and designing outlook and productivity by taking advantage of nanotechnology. From small-scale manufacturing and processing units such as those in agriculture, food, and medicine industries to larger-scale production units such as those operating in industries of automobiles, civil engineering, and environmental management, nanotechnology has manifested the modernization of almost every industrial domain on a global scale. With pronounced cooperation among researchers, industrialists, scientists, technologists, environmentalists, and educationists, the more sustainable development of nano-based industries can be predicted in the future.

Knowing the beneficial aspects of nanomedicine, scientists are trying to harness the applications of nanotechnology in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases. There are also potential uses in designing medical tools and processes for the new generation of medical scientists. The main objective for conducting this research review is to gather the widespread aspects of nanomedicine under one heading and to highlight standard research practices in the medical field. Comprehensive research has been conducted to incorporate the latest data related to nanotechnology in medicine and therapeutics derived from acknowledged scientific platforms. Nanotechnology is used to conduct sensitive medical procedures. Nanotechnology is showing successful and beneficial uses in the fields of diagnostics, disease treatment, regenerative medicine, gene therapy, dentistry, oncology, aesthetics industry, drug delivery, and therapeutics. A thorough association of and cooperation between physicians, clinicians, researchers, and technologies will bring forward a future where there is a more calculated, outlined, and technically programed field of nanomedicine. Advances are being made to overcome challenges associated with the application of nanotechnology in the medical field due to the pathophysiological basis of diseases. This review highlights the multipronged aspects of nanomedicine and how nanotechnology is proving beneficial for the health industry. There is a need to minimize the health, environmental, and ethical concerns linked to nanotechnology.

This study examines the impact of fossil fuel consumption, nonrenewable energy consumption, population, affluence, and poverty on carbon emissions in Pakistan by using a time series data from 1972 to 2014. The study uses a flexible ecological framework known as the STIRPAT model. The Auto Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) Model and Error Correction Model (ECM) are used to estimate the robust results. The results show that consumption of fossil fuels, population growth, improvement in affluence level, and urbanization are contributing factors to high carbon emissions in Pakistan. The results also highlight that poverty alleviation and carbon emissions have opposite trends, this shows that the efforts to reduce poverty are stimulating the consumption of low-cost energy sources such as fossil fuels, and contributing to carbon emissions. However, results indicate that an increase in the share of renewable energy in total energy use and consumption of hydroelectric energy has the potential to reduce carbon emissions in Pakistan. The results highlight that there is a need to promote the use of renewable and hydroelectric energy. At domestic level, this will assist to meet the energy demand of the growing population and also prove helpful to reduce carbon emissions. Thus, the study recommends that a transition from fossil fuel energy to renewable and hydroelectric energy could prove an effective strategy to improve the affluence level, to alleviate poverty and effective to reduce carbon emissions in Pakistan.

\"The citrus industry is one of the world's most important fruit production industries, but global climate change, pests, diseases, and improper handling are affecting plant yields. CitrusProduction: Technological Advancements and Adaptation to Changing Climate presents information on advancements in the citrus industry examining various aspects of citrus from its production to harvest. It looks at the challenges and approaches in stress tolerance improvements, increasing citrus crop productivity, and reducing postharvest losses. The book details taxonomy, genetic diversity, and metabolic and molecular responses in citrus crops, as well as abiotic and biotic stresses affecting citrus production. Featuring numerous full-color illustrations throughout, this book poses new harvesting techniques along with postharvest physiology of citrus fruits, devising strategies to prevent crop losses. Citrus Production: Technological Advancements and Adaptation to Changing Climate is an essential resource for researchers, academicians, and scientists looking to expand their knowledge of citrus, particularly horticulturists, food scientists, and botanists\"-- Provided by publisher.

The exchange and use of health information can help healthcare professionals and policymakers make informed decisions on ways of improving patient and population health. Many low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) have however failed to embrace the approaches and technologies to facilitate health information exchange (HIE). We sought to understand the barriers and facilitators to the implementation and adoption of HIE in LMICs. Two reviewers independently searched 11 academic databases for published and on-going qualitative, quantitative and mixed-method studies and searched for unpublished work through the Google search engine. The searches covered the period from January 1990 to July 2014 and were not restricted by language. Eligible studies were independently, critically appraised and then thematically analysed. The searches yielded 5461 citations after de-duplication of results. Of these, 56 articles, three conference abstracts and four technical reports met the inclusion criteria. The lack of importance given to data in decision making, corruption and insecurity, lack of training and poor infrastructure were considered to be major challenges to implementing HIE, but strong leadership and clear policy direction coupled with the financial support to acquire essential technology, improve the communication network, and provide training for staff all helped to promote implementation. The body of work also highlighted how implementers of HIE needed to take into account local needs to ensure that stakeholders saw HIE as relevant and advantageous. HIE interventions implemented through leapfrog technologies such as telehealth/telemedicine and mHealth in Brazil, Kenya, and South Africa, provided successful examples of exchanging health information in LMICs despite limited resources and capability. It is important that implementation of HIE is aligned with national priorities and local needs. L’échange et l’utilisation des informations sur la santé peuvent aider les professionnels de la santé et les décideurs à prendre des décisions éclairées sur les moyens d’améliorer la santé des patients et des populations. De nombreux pays à revenu faible ou intermédiare (PRF-PRI) n’ont cependant pas su adopter les approches et technologies permettant de faciliter l’échange des informations sur la santé (HIE). Nous avons cherché à comprendre les éléments qui entravent ou facilitent la mise en œuvre et l’adoption des informations sur la santé dans les PRF-PRI. Deux auteurs ont indépendamment parcouru 11 bases de données universitaires à la recherche d’études qualitatives, quantitatives et mixtes, publiées et en cours de publication; ils sont également allés à la recherche de travaux non publiés par le biais du moteur de recherche Google. Les recherches portaient sur la période de janvier 1990 à juillet 2014 et n’étaient pas restreintes à une seule langue. Les études retenues ont été évaluées, puis analysées par thème de manière indépendante et critique. Les recherches ont donné 5461 citations après déduplication des résultats. Parmi celles-ci, 56 articles, trois résumés de conférences et quatre rapports techniques répondaient aux critères d’inclusion. Le peu d’importance accordée aux données dans la prise de décision, la corruption et l’insécurité, le manque de formation et l’insuffisance des infrastructures sont apparus comme des défis majeurs à la mise en œuvre des informations sur la santé; mais par contre des éléments comme un solide leadership et une orientation politique claire assortis d’un soutien financier permettant d’acquérir la technologie essentielle, d’améliorer le réseau de communication et de former le personnel, contribuent tous à la promotion de la mise en œuvre. L’ensemble des travaux a également relevé le fait que les responsables de la mise en œuvre des informations sur la santé doivent tenir compte des besoins locaux afin de s’assurer que les intervenants considèrent les informations sur la santé comme pertinentes et fructueuses. Les interventions HIE mises en œuvre grâce à des technologies efficaces comme la télésanté/télémédecine et la santé mobile au Brésil, au Kenya et en Afrique du Sud, sont des exemples de réussite en matière d’échange d’informations sur la santé dans les PRF-PRI en dépit des ressources et des capacités limitées. Il est important que la mise en œuvre des informations sur la santé soit conforme aux priorités nationales et aux besoins locaux. El intercambio y uso de la información de salud puede ayudar a los profesionales de la salud y formuladores de políticas a tomar decisiones informadas sobre las formas de mejorar la salud del paciente y la población. Muchos países de ingresos bajos y medios (PIBMs) han sin embargo fracasado en acoger las estrategias y tecnologías para facilitar el intercambio de información de salud (IIS). Tuvimos como objetivo entender las barreras y facilitadores para la implementación y adopción del IIS en PIBMs. Dos investigadores independientemente utilizaron 11 bases de datos académicas para buscar estudios cualitativos, cuantitativos y de métodos mixtos publicados y en desarrollo, y buscaron trabajos no publicados a través del motor de búsqueda Google. Las búsquedas cubrieron el periodo entre enero de 1990 y julio de 2014 y no se restringieron por idioma. Los estudios elegibles fueron evaluados de manera independiente y crítica, y luego analizados temáticamente. Las búsquedas produjeron 5461 citas después de la deduplicación de los resultados. De estos, 56 artículos, tres abstractos de conferencias y cuatro reportes técnicos cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. La falta de importancia dada a los datos en el proceso de toma de decisiones, la corrupción y la inseguridad, la falta de entrenamiento y la pobre infraestructura fueron considerados como retos importantes para implementar el ISS, pero el liderazgo fuerte y una dirección de políticas clara, junto con el apoyo financiero para adquirir tecnología esencial, mejoran la red de comunicación y proveen entrenamiento para los trabajadores, lo cual ayuda a promover la implementación. El trabajo también destaca como los implementadores del ISS deben tener en cuenta las necesidades locales para asegurar que las partes interesadas perciban el ISS como relevante y ventajoso. Las intervenciones del ISS implementadas a través de estrategias para sobreponer barreras como la telesalud/tele-medicina y la mSalud en Brasil, Kenia y Suráfrica, son ejemplos exitosos del intercambio de información de salud en PIBMs a pesar de los recursos y capacidad limitada. Es importante que la implementación del ISS esté alineada con prioridades naciones y necesidades locales. 医疗信息的交换和使用能够帮助医疗健康专业人士和政策制定 者形成关于提高病人和人口健康方式的有效决策。然而, 许多 中低收入国家没有采用促进医疗信息交换的方式和技术。我们 致力于了解中低收入国家医疗信息交换的障碍和促进因素的实 施和应用。2名文献回顾者各自搜寻11个已出版和正在进行的 定性研究、定量研究和混合研究方法的学术数据库, 并且通过 谷歌搜索引擎搜寻未出版的研究。研究覆盖了1990年1月至 2014年7月间各类语言的文献。我们各自批判性地评估并且有 目的地分析合格的研究。在去除重复研究结果后, 本研究涵盖 了5461个引用。在这些之中, 56篇文章、3个会议纪要和4个技 术报告符合内部标准。我们认为关于决策制定、腐败和不安全 性数据重要性的缺乏, 培训匮乏和低质量基础设施是实施医疗 信息互换的主要挑战, 但是强大的领导力、明确的政策方向以 及取得重要技术的财政支持能够提升沟通系统, 为员工提供培 训, 从而帮助提升医疗信息互换的实施。研究主体同时强调医 疗信息互换的实施者如何考虑当地需求从而保证利益相关者将 医疗信息互换看做是相关的和有益的。通过交替前进技术 （例 如巴西的远程医疗、肯尼亚的远程药物和南非的远程健康） 实 施的医疗信息互换干预行为展现出中低收入国家交换医疗信息 的成功例子, 尽管各国资源和能力有限。医疗信息互换的应用 与国家有效性和当地需求联系在一起十分重要。