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The modern vehicles nowadays are managed by networked controllers. Most of the networks were designed with little concern about security which has recently motivated researchers to demonstrate various kinds of attacks against the system. In this paper, we discussed the vulnerabilities of the Controller Area Network (CAN) within in-vehicle communication protocol along with some potential attacks that could be exploited against it. Besides, we present some of the security solutions proposed in the current state of research in order to overcome the attacks. However, the main goal of this paper is to highlight a holistic approach known as intrusion detection system (IDS) which has been a significant tool in securing networks and information systems over the past decades. To the best of our knowledge, there is no recorded literature on a comprehensive overview of IDS implementation specifically in the CAN bus network system. Thus, we proposed an in-depth investigation of IDS found in the literature based on the following aspects: detection approaches, deployment strategies, attacking techniques, and finally technical challenges. In addition, we also categorized the anomaly-based IDS according to these methods, e.g., frequency-based, machine learning-based, statistical-based, and hybrid-based as part of our contributions. Correspondingly, this study will help to accelerate other researchers to pursue IDS research in the CAN bus system.

The present study was carried out to assess the contamination levels of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Al, Ni, Co, Zn, Mn) in surface water and sediment of the Halda River. The observed order of heavy metal concentration in water for Al > Ni > Zn > Mn > Cu > Cd > Pb > Cr > Co > Hg (mg/l) and for sediments Al > Mn > Zn > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cu > Co > Cd > Hg (mg/kg), respectively. The concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Al, Ni, Co, Zn, and Mn in water, whereas in sediment Pb, Cu, Al, Ni, Co, Zn, and Mn were found above the permissible limit (WHO 2004 ; USEPA 2006 ; EPA 1986 , 2002 and ECR 1997 ). Significant variations in the concentrations of Al and Ni were found in water ( p  < 0.05) while Cr, Cu, Pb, Co, Mn, and Ni showed substantial changes in sediment ( p  < 0.05). Principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation matrix revealed anthropogenic intrusions of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Al, Ni, Co, Zn, and Mn in water and sediment. In case of water, very strong linear relationship was found in Hg vs Pb (0.941), Mn vs Zn (0.939), and Ni vs Cu (0.922) at the significance level 0.01. In sediment, very strong linear relationships were found in Mn vs Cr (0.999), Co vs Ni (0.999), Ni vs Cu (0.994), Zn vs Pb (0.993), Co vs Cu (0.992), Cu vs Cr (0.990), Mn vs Cu (0.989), Mn vs Ni (0.975), Mn vs Co (0.975), Ni vs Cr (0.974), Co vs Cr (0.972), Mn vs Pb (0.951), Cr vs Pb (0.948), Zn vs Cr (0.944), and Mn vs Zn (0.941) at the significance level 0.01 which direct that their common origin entirely from industrial effluents, municipal wastes, and agricultural activities. The study shows that seasonal water flows/water discharge (pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon) have an impact on the mobility of metals. Elevated levels of metals were detected during monsoon in sediments (Pb, Cr, Cu, Al, Ni, Co, Zn, Mn) and post-monsoon in water (Cd, Hg, Ni, Co, Mn). The detection of high-risk metals in the Halda River may demonstrate that metals can cause significant effects on fry and fingerlings of the Gangetic carp fishery and prawn fishery (via sub-lethal and lethal effects and bioaccumulation or secondary poisoning of metals to fish and prawn).

The new AJCC staging system (8th edition) incorporates depth of invasion to stage oral cancers. It is a recognized predictor for neck nodal metastasis and local recurrence, the associated risk is not well defined. The aim of this study was to explore the risk of occult neck nodal metastasis and local recurrence in relation to depth in early stage squamous cell carcinoma of oral tongue. We have evaluated records of 179 patients with early tongue cancer treated in our unit from 2006-2015 with a mean age of 57.92 ± 11.93 years. Treatment modalities used were surgery (26%), surgery followed by radiotherapy (64%) and chemo-radiation (10%). Neck dissection was ipsilateral in 94% and bilateral in 6% of the patients. Patients were grouped according to the AJCC cut off points in 8th edition for depth; group A: 1-5 mm (35%), group B: 6-10 mm (47%) and group C: > 10 mm (18%). Risk of local recurrence and nodal metastasis for Group A was 15% (10/63) and 23% (15/63), group B 20% (17/84) and 34% (29/84), and group C 40% (13/32) and 53% (17/32). Depth more than 10 mm is associated with significantly increased risk of recurrence and nodal metastasis. Elective neck dissection should be a consideration for tumors having depth less than 5mm.

The present study was conducted to measure globally alarming of ten heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Al, Ni, Co, Zn and Mn) in surface water and sediment of the Old Brahmaputra River in Bangladesh. The observed order of heavy metal mean concentration in water and sediments is Al > Mn > Ni > Co > Cu > Pb > Zn > Cr > Cd > Hg in mg/l and Al > Mn > Zn > Ni > Pb > Cr > Cu > Co > Cd > Hg in mg/kg, respectively. The significant variations of Cr, Cu, Al and Ni were found in the water of all seasons (p < 0.05), while sediment showed Pb and Hg exhibited substantial changes in terms of seasons (p < 0.05). Principal component analysis and correlation matrix revealed that significant anthropogenic input of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Al, Ni, Co, Zn and Mn in water and sediment. In case of water, very strong linear relationships exhibited in Ni versus Cu (0.911), Ni versus Al (0.910), Mn versus Co (0.882), Cr versus Al (0.877), Cu versus Cd (0.853), Ni versus Pb (0.850), Zn versus Cr (0.833), Ni versus Cd (0.828), Cu versus Cr (0.827), Al versus Cd (0.827) and Zn versus Co (0.804) at the significance level 0.05. In sediments, very strong linear relationships were noted in Zn versus Cr (0.889), Al versus Pb (0.848), Co versus Al (0.819) and Mn versus Co (0.806) at the significance level 0.05. The result discovered that water and sediment quality of the Old Brahmaputra River became contaminated due to the anthropogenic sources of industrial, domestic and irrigation discharges. This environmental monitoring and assessment research will be useful for the management and planning for the protection of this river.

Modern agriculture incorporated a portfolio of technologies to meet the current demand for agricultural food production, in terms of both quality and quantity. In this technology-driven farming era, this portfolio of technologies has aided farmers to overcome many of the challenges associated with their farming activities by enabling precise and timely decision making on the basis of data that are observed and subsequently converged. In this regard, Artificial Intelligence (AI) holds a key place, whereby it can assist key stakeholders in making precise decisions regarding the conditions on their farms. Machine Learning (ML), which is a branch of AI, enables systems to learn and improve from their experience without explicitly being programmed, by imitating intelligent behavior in solving tasks in a manner that requires low computational power. For the time being, ML is involved in a variety of aspects of farming, assisting ranchers in making smarter decisions on the basis of the observed data. In this study, we provide an overview of AI-driven precision farming/agriculture with related work and then propose a novel cloud-based ML-powered crop recommendation platform to assist farmers in deciding which crops need to be harvested based on a variety of known parameters. Moreover, in this paper, we compare five predictive ML algorithms—K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and Support Vector Machine (SVM)—to identify the best-performing ML algorithm on which to build our recommendation platform as a cloud-based service with the intention of offering precision farming solutions that are free and open source, as will lead to the growth and adoption of precision farming solutions in the long run.

We report on the preparation and characterization of a new family of hydrogen-bonded nematogenic liquid crystalline dimers. The dimers are supramolecular complexes that consist of a benzoic acid derivative, acting as the proton donor, featuring a spacer with seven methylene groups and a terminal decyloxy chain, paired with an azopyridine derivative as the proton acceptor. The latter was either fluorinated or nonfluorinated with variable alkoxy chain length. The formation of a hydrogen bond between the individual components was confirmed using FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. All supramolecules were investigated for their liquid crystalline behaviour via a polarized optical microscope (POM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). All materials exhibit enantiotropic nematic phases as confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and POM investigations. The nematic phase range depends strongly on the degree and position of fluorine atoms. Additionally, the supramolecules demonstrated a rapid and reversible transition between the liquid crystal phase and the isotropic liquid state because of trans-cis photoisomerization upon light irradiation. Therefore, this study presents a straightforward approach to design photo-responsive nematic materials, which could be of interest for nonlinear optics applications.

Background As different biogeographic strains and isolates of entomopathogenic fungi vary in their genetic, enzymatic and pathogenic characteristics, this study assessed the virulence of 2 indigenous strains of Beauveria bassiana (Balsam) Vuillemin and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin (Ascomycota, Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae), isolated from naturally infected insect cadavers, against the 3rd instar nymphs of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and 3 rd instar larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) using leaf-dip and larval-dip methods, respectively. Results Both fungal isolates exhibited considerable pathogenicity against M. persicae and S. frugiperda . Mortality in all bioassays was conidial concentration and exposure time dependent and increased significantly along with both factors ( R 2  = 0.86–0.99 for B. bassiana and 0.82–0.94 for M. anisopliae ). Moreover, M. anisopliae isolate appeared more virulent to S. frugiperda larvae than B. bassiana isolate, while the later fungal isolate was more lethal to M. persicae nymphs than the former one. At the highest conidial concentration (1.0 × 10 9 conidia/ml), M. anisopliae caused maximum mean mortality of S. frugiperda (88%) and M. persicae (65%) and B. bassiana exhibited maximum mean mortality of S. frugiperda (76%) and M. persicae (94%). Moreover, probit regression analyses showed LT 50 values for M. persicae of 4.57 and 6.86 days at 1.0 × 10 9 conidia/ml for the isolates of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae , respectively, while LC 50 values were 7.75 × 10 6 and 8.70 × 10 7 conidia/ml after 10th day of application, for the isolates of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae , respectively, against M. persicae . Similarly, LT 50 values for S. frugiperda were 7.75 and 7.03 days for 1.0 × 10 9 conidia/ml concentration and LC 50 values were 2.84 × 10 7 and 8.84 × 10 5 conidia/ml at 10th day data for the isolates of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae , respectively. Conclusion Overall study results demonstrated the effectiveness of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae against M. persicae and S. frugiperda , respectively. However, field evaluations of these indigenously isolated promising fungal strains against these insect pests.

The primary objective of this work is to examine the Kuralay equation, which is a complex integrable coupled system, in order to investigate the integrable motion of induced curves. The soliton solutions derived from the Kuralay equation are thought to be the supremacy study of numerous significant phenomena and extensive applications across a wide range of domains, including optical fibres, nonlinear optics and ferromagnetic materials. The inverse scattering transform is unable to resolve the Cauchy problem for this equation, so the analytical method is used to produce exact travelling wave solutions. The modified auxiliary equation and Sardar sub-equation approaches are used to find solitary wave solutions. As a result, singular, mixed singular, periodic, mixed trigonometric, complex combo, trigonometric, mixed hyperbolic, plane and combined bright–dark soliton solution can be obtained. The derived solutions are graphically displayed in 2-D and 3-D glances to demonstrate how the fitting values of the system parameters can be used to predict the behavioural responses to pulse propagation. This study also provides a rich platform for further investigation.

Yogurt is one of the most frequently consumed dairy products for nutritional benefits. Although yogurt is enriched with probiotics, it is susceptible to spoilage because of the presence of pathogenic microbes. Spoiled yogurt if consumed can cause food-borne diseases. This study aimed to assess the nutritional composition and microbiome diversity in yogurt manufactured in Bangladesh. Microbial diversity was analyzed through high-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. From nutritional analysis, significantly ( P  < 0.05) higher pH, fat, moisture, total solid and solid-non-fat contents (%) were observed in sweet yogurt. Following the classification of Illumina sequences, 84.86% and 72.14% of reads were assigned to bacterial and fungal genera, respectively, with significantly higher taxonomic richness in sour yogurt prepared from buffalo. A significant difference in bacterial ( P permanova  = 0.001) and fungal ( P permanova  = 0.013) diversity between sweet and sour yogurt was recorded. A total of 76 bacterial and 70 fungal genera were detected across these samples which were mostly represented by Firmicutes (92.89%) and Ascomycota (98%) phyla, respectively. This is the first study that accentuates nutritional profiles and microbiome diversity of Bangladeshi yogurt which are crucial in determining both active and passive health effects of yogurt consumption in individuals.

Heavy metal contamination in aquaculture farm sediment may create a major risk to ecosystem and human health via the food web as a result of poor handling, incorrect waste management, and extensive use of artificial feed to increase yield and make profit. In this study, heavy metals (e.g., Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Ni) were analyzed to examine the accumulation, sources, and contamination levels from the bottom sediment samples in 12 different commercial aquaculture farms from a South Asian coastal area using atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). The findings revealed that the mean concentrations of heavy metals (µg/g) followed the decreasing order of Mn (48.75 ± 6.75) > Zn (7.09 ± 2.61) > Ni (6.85 ± 2.08) > Cr (5.01 ± 1.04) > Cu (3.00 ± 0.54) > Pb (2.77 ± 0.80) > Cd (0.22 ± 0.07). Contamination factor (CF < 1) and geo-accumulation index (I geo < 0) for all metals implying the unpolluted status of fish farms by heavy metals. The mean pollution load index (PLI) was found 0.11 refereeing to very low level of contamination. Positive significant correlations ( p < 0.05) between Cu-Cr (r = 0.65), Mn-Cd (r = 0.594), Zn-Pb (r = 0.591), Zn-Cu (r = 0.586) and Zn-Cr (r = 0.757) indicated their similar sources of origin. Multivariate analysis like cluster analyses (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) specified that Cr, Cu, and Zn might have anthropogenic sources. Therefore, future research is recommended to determine element mobility from the feed to pond sediment and fish, and thereby reduce environmental risk to ecosystem and human health.