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The purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of the discipline of political economy, international political economy and their respective historical developments. The paper will then focus on globalization and evaluate the strength and weaknesses of the policy to globalize. Further analysis will be conducted to show the importance of the topic of globalization as it relates to public finance. Rosen & Gayer (2014), Sackery, Schneider & Knoedler (2016), Marlin-Bennett (2017), Ravenhill (2008) and Weingast & Witman (2006) will provide insights into the development of the discipline and its modus operendi. The historical development of the discipline will be provided for by Ingram (1915) and the aforementioned authors will also provide insights into the weakness and strengths of the policy to globalize. Garett & Mitchell (2001) and Kumar (2006) will provide additional insights into the importance of globalization as it pertains to public finance.

Germany is situated in Central Europe bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. Germany is the sixth largest country in Europe. The capital of Germany after a vote from the lower house Bundestag in 1993 was moved from Bonn in the West to Berlin in the East. Germany houses the European Central Bank and according to recent statistics the GDP of Germany stood at 4.0T. Germany is a powerhouse when it comes to technology and innovation. Well-known brands include; BMW, Mercedes, SAP, Volkswagen, Audi, Siemens, Allianz, Adidas, Porsche, Deutsche and Bosch.

The risk-neutral valuation approach to evaluating an investment avoids the need to estimate risk-adjusted discount rates, but it does require the market price of risk parameters for all stochastic variables. When historical data is available on a particular variable, its market price of risk can be estimated using the capital asset pricing model.

The purpose of this paper is to examine globalization from a variety of perspectives relevant to the present day and time. We first examine what is globalization in present day context, then we examine the importance of financial flows from globalization. We further examine into how digitization is taking place across the globe and the consequences that it brings. We also look at the consequences of globalization on the environment and finally we come to the discussion of the importance of globalization in present day times and especially in regards to the Covid-19 pandemic. Is prudence in terms of globalization a better path rather than irrational exuberance.? Is stability better than volatility?

The Chicago Mercantile Exchange is a global derivatives market place. The CME group is an order driven exchange that facilitates the trading of forward, futures and options contract on numerous products within key asset classes such as agriculture/ energy/metals, equities, interest rates, and exchange rates. Hence a very popular US interest rate futures contract is the three-month Eurodollar futures traded on the CME.

The management of risk is the goal of a financial institution that sells an option to a client in the over-the-counter markets. In addition to monitoring risks such as Delta(), Gamma () and Vega(v), option traders often also carry out, a scenario analysis. The analysis involves calculating the gain or loss on their portfolio over a specified period under a variety of different scenarios. The time period chosen is likely to depend on the liquidity of the instrument. The scenarios can either be chose by management or generated by a model.

The concepts of corporate social responsibility and social audit have been developed to a great extent in the last century. Analysis reveals a mature and sophisticated philosophical framework developed over the decades to enhance the relationship between the laborers, the state and the local government. Furthermore, there exists a framework to audit the economic and social activities of the business and a concern and focus in both the private sector and the public sector towards sustainable practices and a culture of ethical leadership. An audit criterion is developed and an examination of 3 top fortune companies reveals valuable insights into social audit and corporate social responsibility as well as the current best practices and benchmarks in the literature.

The energy sector is undergoing a rapid transformation and there are many observable signs as to the rapid development of the industry. Many governments around the world have begun to invest in legislation to incorporate sustainable energy and technologies. Hence, they are able to tap the potential of new technological innovation and energy systems. This paper examines energy innovations globally with a particular focus on Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Indonesia and China.

Technology ethics is a topic at the frontier of the modern day development. Mostly because due to the fact that our our reliance on technology increases as we become more accustomed to the pace of technological development. Hence, it is important for us understand the ethical implications that arise with these advances. Therefore, this article provides an introduction and foundation for technology ethics, data protection and artificial intelligence.

The following project was conducted in partnership with University of Detroit Mercy and Ford Community Corps. Multiple no-profit were approached to make this project possible such as; ERACCE, Detroit Audubon, Detroit International Wild-Life Refuge, Belle Isle. The non-profit ERACCE has provided the criteria of analyzing power in the organizations that are at risk of environmental violations or have had environmental violations. Furthermore, the non-profit has asked for a comparison of power between non-profits working within the sector, such as Detroit Audubon, Detroit International Wild Life Refuge and Detroiters Working for Environmental Justice and the business sector. Hence, this is where ERACCE believes the gap in power to be and hence, environmental injustice and satisfying the proposals need to impact the community. To this end they have provided a sampling of questions that the interview/research should answer. The project has also been written to enhance Michigan’s competitive advantage in; conservation, environmental stewardship, civil rights, industrial innovation, and entrepreneurship as put forth by the Environmental Justice Workgroup in 2018. Furthermore, the rationale that has been provided is the increase in both the private sector and public sector awareness towards sustainability and push towards higher levels of sustainability by CEO’s. Two Nobel Laureates have been awarded a joint Nobel Peace Prize in integrating technological and environmental advances into economic theory. His Holiness Pope Francis wrote an encyclical towards integrating environmental ethics into religious faith followed by an effort with Notre Dame and Oxford to establish a center to focus on matters of ecology. UN Sustainable goals have been established and work has been done to map out the frontier of sustainable technologies. Furthermore, during the course of the year long projection March 19th the state of Michigan entered into a lock-down due to the pandemic termed Covid-19 and the project and scope were modified to reflect this change. The research confirms the hypothesis that there is an imbalance of power between the business community and the community involved in the work of environmental injustice issues.