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Wind power, solar power and water power are technologies that can be used as the main sources of renewable energy so that the target of decarbonisation in the energy sector can be achieved. However, when compared with conventional power plants, they have a significant difference. The share of renewable energy has made a difference and posed various challenges, especially in the power generation system. The reliability of the power system can achieve the decarbonization target but this objective often collides with several challenges and failures, such that they make achievement of the target very vulnerable, Even so, the challenges and technological solutions are still very rarely discussed in the literature. This study carried out specific investigations on various technological solutions and challenges, especially in the power system domain. The results of the review of the solution matrix and the interrelated technological challenges are the most important parts to be developed in the future. Developing a matrix with various renewable technology solutions can help solve RE challenges. The potential of the developed technological solutions is expected to be able to help and prioritize them especially cost-effective energy. In addition, technology solutions that are identified in groups can help reduce certain challenges. The categories developed in this study are used to assist in determining the specific needs and increasing transparency of the renewable energy integration process in the future.

Critical thinking skill is an important tool used by students to solve the common problems either internal problem or problems that are found in school. This research aimed at indicating the influence of problem-based learning model implementation accompanied with the virtual laboratory to students' critical thinking skills and learning achievement. The method was a true experiment and the sample was taken by using the true experiment technique, where grade ten-two class was selected as the experimental class and grade ten-three class as control class. Each of the classes consisted of 30 students. The experimental class was taught using PBL accompanied by the virtual laboratory. The collected data were analyzed by studying the comparison of improvement from a result of pretest and N-Gain and continued by using the t-test. The findings showed that there were no differences between students' average scores between the experimental class and control class. N-Gain showed the real differences between the two classes. Overall, N-Gain for critical thinking skill function analysis revealed better results in experimental class than control class. It can be concluded that problem-based learning model implementation accompanied with virtual laboratory effectively increases students' critical thinking skills and learning achievement.

The restoration of plantation forests to natural forests had become an important approach in biodiversity conservation, especially for endangered species such as the Sumatran elephant ( Elephas maximus sumatranus ). This study aimed to assess the impact of the transformation of plantation forests into natural forests on the habitat and movement of Sumatran elephants in the Trumon-Subulussalam. The study population was the Sumatran elephant and the research sample was part of the elephant population in the form of evidence of the existence of elephants through purposive sampling techniques. Sample data collection was carried out by taking GPS coordinate points followed by observing the condition of the forest structure. Analysis of elephant movement data used the Spatial Capture-Recapture (SCR) approach with the Search Encounter Data model while the condition of the forest structure was analyzed by percentage. This study was conducted from January to June 2023 in Trumon Sub-district, South Aceh Regency. The results of the SCR approach provided an overview of the movement of the elephant population’s roaming area starting from the Naca Landscape, heading to Gampong Kapa Sesak and combing the riparian area of the border river between South Aceh and Subulussalam (Soraya River via Lae Kombih) and then crossing to TNGL and entering the Babur Rahmah and Leuser Districts of Southeast Aceh. The percentage of forest structure conditions based on the Type and Vegetation categories was 71% including Secondary Forest and 29% including Primary Forest; the Canopy Closure category was 67% including Very Dense (75%) and 43% including Rare (0-25%); the Food Availability category was 28% including Very Many (>75%), 29% including Many (51-75%) and 43% including Moderate (25-50%); the Mineral Source Tree Availability category was 36% including many (>3 Trees), 36% including Median (2-3 Trees) and 28% including Rare (<3 Trees). Elephant movements followed seasonal patterns, with migration occurring in April and July, influenced by food availability and mating season. These findings provided important insights for elephant conservation in the Trumon area, particularly concerning habitat management and population connectivity between regions.

This research aims at understanding the influence of the direct instruction learning model assisted with PhET and WhatsApp media to students' cognitive and motivation in studying gas kinetic theory at State Senior High School 3 of Banda Aceh. The population in this study was all science department students at year 11 divided into 5 classes. While the sample of the study was two classes that were selected using a random sampling technique. Data were collected by providing test and non-test. The obtained data were normal and homogeneous. Thus, it can be analyzed using the t-test to measure learning outcomes. To indicate the difference between experimental class and control class, it was used the t-test for questionnaire. Pretest has ttest = 1.27 which its value is less than ttable. In conclusion, there is any significant difference between the experimental class and the control class. In addition, both classes revealed the same difference for the pretest. The posttest also showed the significant difference according to tcount = 5.5 which is greater than ttable. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is any difference, which students' cognitive experimental class is greater than the control class.

Schools in Banda Aceh city are often traversed by traffic passing vehicles that exhaust emissions such as Pb, CO, NOx, SOx and CO2. The presence of open green space (OGS) is beneficial in cleaning air pollution. Thus, it is necessary to identify the tree architecture model to ensure suitable types of plants in the school's green space area. This study used an exploratory survey method. To measure the OGS ratio, the GPS was used to collect the data to get the proportion of the school area with canopy and then the result was converted to a percentage. The architectural model was identified according to the guidelines from Halle and Oldeman. The results showed that 12 schools in Banda Aceh city meet ideal requirements for the proportion of OGS according to Law No. 26 of 2007, and only one school (SHS 13) does not satisfy the requirements. The highest OGS was identified at SHS 16 (79%); while the lowest is at SHS 13 (28%). The tree architectural models found in this study are Scarrone, Corner, Attims, Troll, Roux, Leeuwenberg, Koriba, Rauh, Aubreville and Stone. The dominating tree architecture model of those schools is the Troll model (35.7%) with 15 species.

Biomass from palm oil is a renewable energy source that can be utilized and has very promising availability. Biomass energy is a renewable and sustainable energy that can replace conventional (fossil) fuels. The main objective of the experiment in this article is to analyze the combustion temperature, emissions, and efficiency of palm oil biomass fuel to use and applied in rural/remote areas. The palm oil biomass used in this study is palm kernel shells, empty fruit bunches, oil palm midrib, and oil palm fibers. The experiments in the research carried out in a fluidized-bed combustion chamber designed explicitly with capacities of up to 5 kg of biomass. The results of operations on fluidized-bed when the valve is open 100%, 75%, and 50% with overall palm oil biomass show a high combustion temperature. The highest combustion temperature was recorded in the TC test for 100% open valves with 3 kg biomass of 943°C. While the minimum combustion temperature obtained on TF2 at 50% open valve with 1 kg biomass of 619°C, overall combustion temperatures in this experiment showed high results. The maximum emission for O2 is 20.4% which is obtained at 50% open valve, while for CO2 the maximum emission is produced when 100% open valve is 19.9% with a biomass weight of 1 kg and 3 kg, respectively. The yield for maximum combustion efficiency when using 1 kg of biomass recorded at 50% open valve was 94.9%. While the minimum efficiency of 87.7% is obtained when the valve is 100% open with biomass of 2 kg. As the biomass fuel used in fluidized-bed increases, the combustion temperature also increases significantly.

It is necessary to find appropriate learning solutions to solve students' misconceptions on the human reproductive system concepts. This study aims to determine whether learning through the implementation of a constructivist module influences the reconstruction of students' knowledge about the human reproductive system. The method used in this study was experimental with one group pre-test and post-test design. The population consisted of 272 students from science class XI of SMAN 10 Fajar Harapan Banda Aceh and SMAN Modal Bangsa Aceh Province. A total of 107 students were chosen by random sampling. The study was carried out over four months from March to July 2019. The supporting instruments used were the learning media and the data collection instruments in the form of multiple-choice test questions with Certainty of Response Index (CRI). The data collected through a pre-and post-test were analyzed using percentages. The results show that the number of students who understand certain concepts rose by 52.36%, the number of students who had misunderstandings decreased by 43.58%, and the number of students who had misconceptions fell by 9.94%. So, it is concluded that learning through the constructivist module is effective in improving concept reconstruction and students' learning outcomes.

Diesel engines have extensively used several developing countries to produce electricity. This is done in various sizes, small and medium, which are driven by millions of diesel engine generators. These engines or generators produce vibrations and noisy and pollute the air. Thus, an alternative to diesel is needed for such applications. Turpentine-diesel fuel mixture is one such alternative. However, there have not many efforts made so far to evaluate noise and vibration characteristics. This study is done to try filling the gap and comprehensively investigate the use of Turpentine-diesel mixed fuels. This experiment uses a single-cylinder-4- stroke diesel engine operated at different rpm speeds and engine loads. Detailed measurements are made for engine noise and vibration. This measurement is used to connect the reciprocity of engine noise and vibration. The relationship of chemical parameters and physical properties to the tested fuel explored. The test results using turpentine-diesel fuel show the vibration and noise characteristics better for the upper-middle load. The correlation between noise and vibration characteristics of the test fuel has a strong relationship. This study has provided a detailed phenomenological explanation of the nature of the fuel. Finally, turpentine blends are a viable alternative to diesel fuel, especially in diesel engines