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"Muir, Peter C"
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Before “Crazy Blues”: Commercial blues in America, 1850–1920
Blues flourished in mainstream American culture in the second decade of the twentieth century. Between 1912 and 1920, more than 700 different blues compositions were registered for copyright, and over 1000 recordings (on disk, cylinder, and piano roll) made (all known compositions and recordings are listed in the appendices which conclude the study). The first part of the study examines the identity of early commercial blues. Roughly three-quarters of pre-1921 commercial blues are songs, the remainder instrumental compositions. The latter show the influence of both ragtime (later jazz) and the fox-trot. The songs vary considerably in range and style: some are scarcely distinguishable from regular pop songs of the day, while others are closely related to folk sources. A sample of 100 commercial blues is examined and musical and textual characteristics isolated. The sample is discussed in relation to parallel samples of contemporaneous popular music and folk blues. The second part of the study concerns commercial proto-blues, that is, compositions displaying blues characteristics published before the start-up of the commercial blues industry in 1912. The main focus is the twelve-bar form and its emergence into the cultural mainstream in coon songs of 1895–1905. In particular, the work of the composer Hughie Cannon and his associates is explored. The work of these individuals not only tells us much about the emergence of blues in commercial culture, but also offers insight into the development of the twelve-bar form in folk culture. In particular, commercial proto-blues strongly support the theory that the twelve-bar blues sequence evolved from blues ballads such as “Frankie and Johnnie” in the 1890s. In addition to the twelve-bar sequence, this study examines early commercial manifestations of the African-American folk proto-blues “I'm Alabamy Bound” and “Sweet Thing” and chronicles the appearance of the textual trope “I've got the blues” from its first known musical appearance in 1850. The study is preceded by an exploration of the reasons that pre-1921 commercial blues has been widely neglected in blues scholarship, which usually dates the start-up of the blues industry from Mamie Smith's 1920 recording of “Crazy Blues.”
Dissertation
Long Lost Blues: Popular Blues in America, 1850-1920
(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.) Scholars of early twentieth-century sheet music and records are often bemused by the large number of titles they encounter labeled \"blues\" that do not sound anything like classic Delta or city blues--\"The Alcoholic Blues,\" \"Left All Alone Again Blues,\" \"I'm Sorry I Ain't Got It, You Could Have It if I Had It Blues.\" Blues elements are found in the \"Frankie and Johnny\" and \"Bill Bailey\" song families, as well as in the well-known \"Bully\" song; but how many would have expected them in the rollicking \"Oh, You Beautiful Doll\" (1911)? (They're in the verse, not the sing-along chorus.) Long Lost Blues is a fascinating and ground-breaking exploration of largely unexplored musical terrain, an intelligent, well-documented, and highly readable journey through the intersection of popular and folk music in the early 1900s.
Book Review
Long Lost Blues: Popular Blues in America, 1850-1920
[...]folk blues at this time had not yet fully evolved and was consequently in a rather undefined state. Muir argues that, in this historical context, the blues is a trope associated by its performers, listeners and critics with a wide variety of musical forms. [...]the unifying factor in this body of songs is rhetorical rather than stylistic. [...]although his work is thoroughly grounded in analysis and primary source research, Muir's engagement with other jazz and blues scholarship - at least with work on more recent blues music - is limited. Because little has been written about this music, it is interesting to imagine the impact this scholarship might have on prevailing historiographies of the blues.
Book Review
Inhibition of PRC2 Activity by a Gain-of-Function H3 Mutation Found in Pediatric Glioblastoma
Sequencing of pediatrie gliomas has identified missense mutations Lys27Met (K27M) and Gly34Arg/Val (G34R/V) in genes encoding histone H3.3 (H3F3A) and H3.1 (HIST3H1B). We report that human diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs) containing the K27M mutation display significantly lower overall amounts of H3 with trimethylated lysine 27 (H3K27me3) and that histone H3K27M transgenes are sufficient to reduce the amounts of H3K27me3 in vitro and in vivo. We find that H3K27M inhibits the enzymatic activity of the Polycomb repressive complex 2 through interaction with the EZH2 subunit. In addition, transgenes containing lysine-to-methionine substitutions at other known methylated lysines (H3K9 and H3K36) are sufficient to cause specific reduction in methylation through inhibition of SET-domain enzymes. We propose that K-to-M substitutions may represent a mechanism to alter epigenetic states in a variety of pathologies.
Journal Article
Histone H3K36 mutations promote sarcomagenesis through altered histone methylation landscape
Several types of pediatric cancers reportedly contain high-frequency missense mutations in histone H3, yet the underlying oncogenic mechanism remains poorly characterized. Here we report that the H3 lysine 36–to–methionine (H3K36M) mutation impairs the differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells and generates undifferentiated sarcoma in vivo. H3K36M mutant nucleosomes inhibit the enzymatic activities of several H3K36 methyltransferases. Depleting H3K36 methyltransferases, or expressing an H3K36I mutant that similarly inhibits H3K36 methylation, is sufficient to phenocopy the H3K36M mutation. After the loss of H3K36 methylation, a genome-wide gain in H3K27 methylation leads to a redistribution of polycomb repressive complex 1 and de-repression of its target genes known to block mesenchymal differentiation. Our findings are mirrored in human undifferentiated sarcomas in which novel K36M/I mutations in H3.1 are identified.
Journal Article
Diets that differ in their FODMAP content alter the colonic luminal microenvironment
Objective A low FODMAP (Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides And Polyols) diet reduces symptoms of IBS, but reduction of potential prebiotic and fermentative effects might adversely affect the colonic microenvironment. The effects of a low FODMAP diet with a typical Australian diet on biomarkers of colonic health were compared in a single-blinded, randomised, cross-over trial. Design Twenty-seven IBS and six healthy subjects were randomly allocated one of two 21-day provided diets, differing only in FODMAP content (mean (95% CI) low 3.05 (1.86 to 4.25) g/day vs Australian 23.7 (16.9 to 30.6) g/day), and then crossed over to the other diet with ≥21-day washout period. Faeces passed over a 5-day run-in on their habitual diet and from day 17 to day 21 of the interventional diets were pooled, and pH, short-chain fatty acid concentrations and bacterial abundance and diversity were assessed. Results Faecal indices were similar in IBS and healthy subjects during habitual diets. The low FODMAP diet was associated with higher faecal pH (7.37 (7.23 to 7.51) vs 7.16 (7.02 to 7.30); p=0.001), similar short-chain fatty acid concentrations, greater microbial diversity and reduced total bacterial abundance (9.63 (9.53 to 9.73) vs 9.83 (9.72 to 9.93) log10 copies/g; p<0.001) compared with the Australian diet. To indicate direction of change, in comparison with the habitual diet the low FODMAP diet reduced total bacterial abundance and the typical Australian diet increased relative abundance for butyrate-producing Clostridium cluster XIVa (median ratio 6.62; p<0.001) and mucus-associated Akkermansia muciniphila (19.3; p<0.001), and reduced Ruminococcus torques. Conclusions Diets differing in FODMAP content have marked effects on gut microbiota composition. The implications of long-term reduction of intake of FODMAPs require elucidation. Trial registration number ACTRN12612001185853.
Journal Article
eTICI reperfusion: defining success in endovascular stroke therapy
BackgroundRevascularization after endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke is measured by the Thrombolysis In Cerebral Infarction (TICI) scale, yet variability exists in scale definitions. We examined the degree of reperfusion with the expanded TICI (eTICI) scale and association with outcomes in the HERMES collaboration of recent endovascular trials.MethodsThe HERMES Imaging Core, blind to all other data, evaluated angiography after endovascular therapy in HERMES. A battery of TICI scores (mTICI, TICI, TICI2C) was used to define reperfusion of the initial target occlusion defined by non-invasive imaging and conventional angiography.ResultsAngiography of 801 subjects was available, including 797 defined by non-invasive imaging (154 internal carotid artery (ICA), 583 M1, 60 M2) and 748 by conventional angiography (195 ICA, 459 M1, 94 M2). Among 729 subjects in whom the reperfusion grade could be established, using eTICI (3=100%, 2C=90–99%, 2b67=67–89%, 2b50=50–66%) of the conventional angiography target occlusion, there were 63 eTICI 3 (9%), 166 eTICI 2c (23%), 218 eTICI 2b67 (30%), 103 eTICI 2b50 (14%), 100 eTICI 2a (14%), 19 eTICI 1 (3%), and 60 eTICI 0 (8%). Modified Rankin Scale shift analyses from baseline to 90 days showed that increasing TICI grades were linked with better outcomes, with significant distinctions between TICI 0/1 versus 2a (p=0.028), 2a versus 2b50 (p=0.017), and 2b50 versus 2b67 (p=0.014).ConclusionsThe benefit of endovascular therapy in HERMES was strongly associated with increasing degrees of reperfusion defined by eTICI. The eTICI metric identified meaningful distinctions in clinical outcomes and may be used in future studies and routine practice.
Journal Article
Modification and validation of the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (Version 3)
Background: Comprehensive multi-system clinical assessment using the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity score (BVAS) is widely used in therapeutic studies of systemic vasculitis. Extensive use suggested a need to revise the instrument. The previous version of BVAS has been revised, according to usage and review by an expert committee. Objective: To modify and validate version 3 of the BVAS in patients with systemic vasculitis. Methods: The new version of BVAS was tested in a prospective cross-sectional study of patients with vasculitis. Results: The number of items was reduced from 66 to 56. The sub-scores for new/worse disease and persistent disease were unified. In 313 patients with systemic vasculitis, BVAS(v.3) correlated with treatment decision (Spearman's ρ 0.66, 95% CI 0.59-0.72), BVAS1 of version 2 (ρ 0.94, 95% CI 0.92-0.96), BVAS2 of version 2 in patients with persistent disease (ρ 0.60, 95% CI 0.21-0.83), C-reactive protein levels (ρ 0.43, 95% CI 0.31-0.54), physician's global assessment (ρ 0.91, 95% CI 0.89-0.93), and vasculitis activity index (ρ 0.88, 95%CI 0.86-0.91). The intra-class correlation coefficients for reproducibility and repeatability were 0.96 (95%CI 0.95-0.97) and 0.96 (95%CI 0.92-0.97) respectively. In 39 patients assessed at diagnosis and again at 3 months, the BVAS(v.3) fell by 17 (95% CI 15-19) units (P<0.001, paired t test). Conclusion: BVAS(v.3) demonstrates convergence with BVAS(v.2), treatment decision, physician global assessment of disease activity, vasculitis activity index and CRP. It is repeatable, reproducible and sensitive to change. The new version of BVAS is validated for assessment of systemic vasculitis.
Journal Article
MRI-Guided Thrombolysis for Stroke with Unknown Time of Onset
Among patients with stroke of unknown onset, thrombolytic treatment is withheld. In this randomized trial, such patients who had evidence of infarction on MRI but no FLAIR signal had a significantly better functional outcome with alteplase than with placebo.
Journal Article