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Shale is the primary rock type in the shallow marine section of the Mahanadi Basin, East Coast of India. Shale, being intrinsically anisotropic, always affects the seismic data. Anisotropy derived from seismic and VSP has lower resolution and mostly based on P wave. The workflow discussed here uses Gardner equation to derive vertical velocity and uses a nonlinear fitting to extract the Thomsen’s parameters using both the P wave and S wave data. These parameters are used to correct the sonic log of a deviated well as well as anisotropic AVO response of the reservoir. The presence of negative delta was observed, which is believed to be affected by the presence of chloride and illite in the rock matrix. This correction can be used to update the velocity model for time–depth conversion and pore pressure modelling.

The success of the oil and gas industry depends on utilizing a good geological model. The traditional interpretation of a geological model requires the use of both seismic and well log data. Since seismic data is an indirect measure of the lithology, it can miss out on some important lithological boundaries due to absence of high‐frequency data in the deeper section. Well log data, on the other hand, is a direct measure of the lithology and can be a good addition to demarcate lithological boundaries. This paper identifies the lithological boundaries using gamma‐ray log based on two different techniques without much involvement from the interpreter. The workflow considers the amplitude spectrum of the seismic data to tie with the well‐derived output. This data‐driven automated process can help an interpreter draw and develop a geological model quickly and efficiently.

Rice ( Oryza sativa ) being among the most important food crops in the world is also susceptible to various bacterial and fungal diseases that are the major stumbling blocks in the way of increased production and productivity. The bacterial leaf blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and the sheath blight disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani are among the most devastating diseases of the rice crop. In spite of the availability of array of chemical control, there are chances of development of resistance. Thus, there is a need for the nanotechnological intervention for management of disease in the form of copper and silver nano-composites. The copper (CuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using green route and characterized using different high throughput techniques, i.e., UV–Vis, FT-IR, DLS, XRD, FE-SEM, TEM. The particle size and zeta potential of synthesized CuNPs and AgNPs were found 273 nm and − 24.2 mV; 95.19 nm and − 25.5 mV respectively. The nanocomposite of CuNPs and AgNPs were prepared having particle size in the range of 375–306 nm with improved stability (zeta potential − 54.7 to − 39.4 mV). The copper and silver nanoparticle composites evaluated against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani were found to have higher antibacterial (inhibition zone 13 mm) and antifungal activities (77%) compared to only the copper nanoparticle (8 mm; 62% respectively). Net house trials of nano-composite formulations against the bacterial blight of rice also corroborated the potential of nanocomposite formulation. In silico studies were carried out selecting two disease-causing proteins, peptide deformylase ( Xanthomonas oryzae ) and pectate lyase ( Rhizoctonia solani ) to perform the molecular docking. Interaction studies indicatedthat both of these proteins generated better complex with CuNPs than AgNPs. The study suggested that the copper and silver nano-composites could be used for developing formulations to control these devastating rice diseases.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common type of dementia among older adults, is a chronic neurodegenerative pathology that causes a progressive loss of cognitive functioning with a decline of rational skills. It is well known that AD is multifactorial, so there are many different pharmacological targets that can be pursued. According to estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO), 18 million individuals worldwide suffer from AD. Major initiatives to identify risk factors, enhance care giving, and conduct basic research to delay the beginning of AD were started by the USA, France, Germany, France, and various other nations. Widely recognized as a key player in the development and subsequent progression of AD pathogenesis, glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) controls a number of crucial targets associated with neuronal degeneration. GSK-3 inhibition has been linked to reduced tau hyperphosphorylation, β-amyloid formation, and neuroprotective benefits in Alzheimer’s disease. Lithium, the very first inhibitor of GSK-3β that was used therapeutically, has been successfully used for many years with remarkable results. A great variety of structurally varied strong GSK-3β blockers have been identified in recent years. The purpose of this thorough review is to cover the biological and structural elements of glycogen synthase kinase, as well as the medicinal chemistry aspects of GSK inhibitors that have been produced in recent years. Graphical Abstract GSK-3 in Alzheimer’s disease

Protective coatings are essential for extending the service life of components exposed to harsh conditions, such as pipes used in industrial systems, where wear and corrosion remain constant challenges. This study explores the development of a nano-sized TiO2-reinforced electroless nickel-based ternary (Ni-W-P) alloy and composite coating on API X60 steel, a high-strength carbon steel pipe grade widely used in oil and gas pipelines, using an alkaline hypophosphite-reduced bath. The surface morphology, microstructure, elemental composition, structure, phase evolution, adhesion, and roughness of the coatings were analyzed using optical microscopy, FESEM, EDS, XRD, AFM, cross-cut tape test, and 3D profilometry. The tribological performance was evaluated via Vickers microhardness measurements and reciprocating wear tests conducted under dry conditions at a 5 N load. The TiO2 nanoparticle-reinforced composite coating achieved a consistent thickness of approximately 24 µm and exhibited enhanced microhardness and reduced coefficient of friction (COF), although the addition of nanoparticles increased surface roughness (Sa). Annealing the electroless composites at 400 °C led to a significant improvement in their tribological properties, primarily owing to the grain growth, phase transformation, and Ni3P crystallization. XRD analysis revealed phase evolution from an amorphous state to crystalline Ni3P upon annealing. Both the alloy and composite coatings exhibited excellent adhesion performances. The combined effect of TiO2 nanoparticles, tungsten, and Ni3P crystallization greatly improved the wear resistance, with abrasive and adhesive wear identified as the dominant mechanisms, making these coatings well suited for high-wear applications.

Purulia, the land of distinctive geological and archaeological features, abundant natural resources and a home to a number of aboriginals, has been studied widely to apprehend the role of ethnic remedies against myriad of diseases. Availability of natural remedies and practice of traditional knowledge have popularized the use of medicinal plants among local communities. The objective of the study is to elucidate the use of folk medicine against common otorhinolaryngologic and ophthalmic medical conditions, by various ethnic groups of Purulia district, West Bengal, India. A completely randomized ethnobotanical approach was carried out during a number of field visits conducted to interview 55 traditional healers (THs) residing across the 20 blocks of district Purulia via semi-structured open-ended questionnaire. The similarity of usage of plants for different diseases was calculated by the informant consensus factor ( F ic ), whereas fidelity level indicated the plants mostly cited by the informants. The correlative importance of the usage of the plants was measured by the use value (UV). A total number of 28 plant species belonging to 27 genera and 20 families are reported in this present study in the treatment of a number of otorhinolaryngologic and ophthalmic ailments such as cough and cold, eye diseases (sore eye, red eye, eye inflammation and conjunctivitis), ear diseases (earache and pus in ears), nosebleed and throat infection. The highest value for informant’s consensus factor ( F ic ) was observed in cough and cold (0.87) that indicates most of the plants possess analgesic and antipyretic potential, whereas the lowest value (0.33) was shown by sore eye that denotes least number of plants have been applied for eye cure. Mostly, leaf part (41.4%) is utilized to cure selected otorhinolaryngologic and ophthalmic disorders where most of the herbal formulations were applied as leaf juices (60.7%). Most significant plant species were Piper nigrum L., Ocimum sanctum L. and Zingiber officinale Roscoe according to their highest UV (1.80), followed by Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees (1.79) and Justicia adhatoda L. (1.66). The present work represents first quantitative ethnobotanical study against some tropical otorhinolaryngologic and ophthalmic disorders in remote areas of Purulia district where acute poverty, underprivileged livelihood, illiteracy, unavailability of conventional health care as well as age-old trust on THs have popularized the use of natural resources (i.e. medicinal plants). Many of the reported ethnomedicinal properties of some plants have been backed up by clinical data also. Aboriginal people also showed keen interest and knowledge regarding conservation of endangered medicinal plants and on sustainable utilization of botanical resources. Proper documentation of traditional knowledge and potential preclinical and clinical studies based on the ethnobotanical data procured may be suggested for safe and efficacious use of herbal medicine against otorhinolaryngologic and ophthalmic disorders.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to conduct a systematic study of important research trends and published electronic word of mouth (eWOM) studies over the past 20 years in the emerging economy. This research is designed to identify the key areas of eWOM based on the Antecedents-Consequence-Intervention (ACI) framework. This paper is also aimed to analyze the current research status of each WOM area and critically review each area for developing future research directions.Design/methodology/approach616 articles were selected from 112 journals for in-depth review analysis. For the systematic review of articles, an ACI framework was adopted. This paper used systematic review analysis methodology to critically analyze important research studies in each area of the ACI framework with a set of research questions.FindingsResults identify six significant areas of eWOM, i.e. WOM antecedents, outcomes, senders, receivers, eWOM platform and eWOM management representing the whole environment. The result highlights increasing research interest on mixed eWOM and rich eWOM content and market-level source credibility factors. Research also identifies research gaps based on the ACI framework.Originality/valueAnalyzing the recent trends in the eWOM environment with the SLR approach and linking these trends to the ACI framework with a future research agenda in the emerging market indicated a pioneering attempt in eWOM research.

Agronomic biofortification of staple food crops with external supply of micronutrients offers a viable solution to alleviate the plant diet-based micronutrient deficiency, without any yield trade-off. Zinc (Zn) has been one of the key targeted micronutrients in the biofortification program of Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East and South-East Asia. Agronomic Zn biofortification, while promising for addressing Zn deficiencies in humans, raises valid concerns regarding its potential impact on grain iron (Fe) content. This is because Zn and Fe can interact at multiple levels, within soil, plant root, shoot, leaves and grains during transport and translocation. Emerging evidences suggest that biofortifying crops with Zn may trigger systemic responses that alter Fe homeostasis, potentially lowering Fe accumulation (antagonistic) in edible tissues of staples. Nevertheless, there is a lack of clarity in the field studies on the effects of Zn biofortification on Fe levels. This review article aims to synthesize a robust narrative on Zn-Fe interactions in biofortified crops and possible causes of negative interaction within plant body. Though, the additive or synergistic interaction between these two essential micronutrients is advantageous in a Zn biofortification program; but such interaction may be highly local stress specific. On the contrary, any loss of Fe during the process is undesirable, as the nutritional significance of Fe is comparable to that of Zn in human health. Yet, unlike other nutrient interactions (e.g., phosphorus (P) × Zn, nitrogen (N) × Zn), their interaction (Zn-Fe) is much less examined. But now, amid reports on unwitting depleting trend in grain micronutrients content in cereals, observed across the globe over the past 70 years, Zn - Fe interaction should apparently be given importance. In this review, we also highlighted on some possible interventions, agronomic or genetic or integrated approaches, to discard such negative interactions between Zn and Fe for future biofortification program. Addressing this trade-off (Zn-Fe interactions in crops) is the key to ensure that biofortification strategies do not inadvertently raise other micronutrient deficiencies. A focus on feasible management practices to curb such negative interaction between Zn and Fe will determine the success of agronomic Zn biofortification.

Introduction: Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) in pregnancy generates medical complications. E. coli is the common etiologic agent responsible for ABU-associated infections. This study aimed to identify the phylogenetic background and drug resistance in asymptomatic E. coli from a pregnant population. Methodology: E. coli was confirmed biochemically from culture-positive urine samples collected from asymptomatic pregnant women. Phylogenetic typing was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production. Statistical significance was determined using SPSS 17.0 software. Results: Bacteriuria was observed in 113 (22.6%) of 500 asymptomatic pregnant females. E. coli was reported in 44 (38.9%) of 113 isolates. The mean age-wise distribution was 25.14 ± 4.63. Although pathogenic phylogroup B2 was predominant (54.5%), incidence of non-pathogenic phylogroup B1 (27.3%) was found to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.001), and B1 and B2 were correlated with respect to total ABU population. Antibiotic sensitivity against ampicillin (34.1%), ceftazidime (50%), cefotaxime (47.7%), ciprofloxacin (47.7%), amikacin (86.4%), nitrofurantion (79.5%), and co-trimoxazole (36.4%) was observed. Multidrug resistance (MDR) and ESBL production was reported in 26 (59.1%) of 44 and 18 (69.2%) of the 26 MDR isolates, respectively. A significant distribution of phylogroup B1 (p = 0.03) with drug resistance was also observed. Conclusions: This is the first study that reported significant incidence of non-pathogenic phylogroup B1 in asymptomatic E. coli with high incidence of MDR isolated from pregnant women in Kolkata, India.  These varied resistance patterns present major therapeutic and infection control challenges during pregnancy.

Despite extensive efforts, safe and effective ocular drug delivery is a persistent hurdle for pharmaceutical scientists. Traditional delivery systems, such as solutions, suspensions, and ointments employed for topical application in the management of ocular diseases, suffer from low bioavailability. Numerous anatomical and pathophysiological obstructions of the eye are the primary causes. However, nanotechnology has emerged as a viable method to overcome the drawbacks of conventional ocular drug delivery systems. It offers opportunities to improve the therapeutic effectiveness and reduce the adverse effects of invasive surgical procedures or systemic exposure. This review highlights the latest progress in nanoparticulate-based technologies for the identification and management of ocular diseases. Recent research has highlighted the potential of nanoformulations to improve the clinical effectiveness and bioavailability of ophthalmic medicines, surpassing those of conventional ophthalmic drug delivery methods. These studies have led to several patented inventions, demonstrating substantial improvement in the treatment of various chronic ocular diseases. Although nanotechnology holds significant potential for ophthalmic delivery, it is essential to acknowledge that the translation of patent inventions into marketable drug candidates has been limited. Many of the technologies discussed are still in the developmental and testing stages to ensure their commercial viability. Additionally, ongoing studies are assessing ocular tolerance and nanotoxicity to determine the safety and efficacy of prolonged use of nanoformulations. Although further research is needed, the progress outlined in this review provides a promising foundation for the development and application of innovative ocular nanomedicines for ocular drug delivery systems. Graphical Abstract